单词	abstract
释义	abstract1 adjectiveabstract2 nounabstract3 verb abstractab‧stract1 /ˈæbstrækt/ ●●○ AWL adjective Word Origin WORD ORIGINabstract1 Origin: 1300-1400 Latin past participle of abstrahere, from abs- ‘away’ + trahere ‘to pull’ Examples EXAMPLES FROM OTHER DICTIONARIES A lot of people don't like abstract art. a new exhibition of abstract paintings By the age of about seven, children are capable of abstract thought. Gorbachev took the abstract idea of reform and made it a reality. It's an abstract design that's supposed to represent freedom and strength. The photographs put a human face on an abstract political event. EXAMPLES FROM THE CORPUS But vibrant is such an abstract term that it can not be used to describe what to look for in a dough. By about 1930 she had ceased painting, though for several more years she made small, colourful, increasingly abstract water-colours. In this book, therefore, attention is concentrated on relations of the more abstract sort. Nature is the setting but abstract nature; feeling, not representation. The abstract graffiti of Aaron Siskind was done first by Weston. They begin by challenging the current opinion that all peoples share basic functions of the mind such as logical and abstract abilities. To be understood, avoid abstract terms. You have already been allowed to enter an abstract model of Pool. Thesaurus Longman Language Activatorwhen pictures, films etc do not make things seem real► abstract abstract paintings, pictures, designs etc contain shapes and images that represent real things and people but do not look like them: · a new exhibition of abstract paintings· A lot of people don't like abstract art.· It's an abstract design that's supposed to represent freedom and strength. ► unrealistic something that is unrealistic shows or describes things in a way that does not seem real, and is therefore not very good or cannot be believed: · I found the play boring and the characters unrealistic.· The film is ruined by all the unrealistic plot twists. ► contrived a story, situation etc that is contrived has been written or arranged in a way that seems false and not natural: · There's something very contrived about the whole story.· One critic described the movie as "a stale and hopelessly contrived comedy". WORD SETS► Visual abstract, adjectiveafter, prepositionArt Deco, nounart gallery, nounartist, nounArt Nouveau, nounbackground, nouncalligraphy, nouncaricature, nouncaricature, verbcaricaturist, nouncartoon, nouncarving, nounceramics, nounchalk, nouncharcoal, nounchase, verbclip art, nouncomposition, nounconceptual art, nouncontrast, nouncrayon, nouncrayon, verbcutout, noundecal, noundimension, noundoodle, verbdraughtsman, noundrawing, nounengrave, verbengraving, nounexhibit, nounfigurative, adjectivefigure, nounfreehand, adjectivegallery, noungilt, noungilt, adjectivegraphic, adjectivegraphic design, noungraphics, nouniconography, nounillustrate, verbillustration, nounink, nounink, verbinset, verbintaglio, nounlacquer, nounlacquer, verblaser, nounlife-size, adjectivelight show, nounlinocut, nounmanikin, nounmezzotint, nounmobile, nounmodel, nounmodel, verbmodernism, nounmontage, nounmosaic, nounmount, verbmural, nounmuseum, nounnaturalism, nounnaturalistic, adjectiveneedlepoint, nounnude, nounobjet d'art, nounochre, nounold master, nounop art, nounormolu, nounornamentation, nounoutline, verbpanorama, nounpantograph, nounpastel, nounpastel, adjectiveperspective, nounpicture, nounpicture, verbplasticity, nounpop art, nounportfolio, nounpose, verbpose, nounprimary colour, nounprint, verbprint, nounrelief, nounrepresentational, adjectiverestrained, adjectiveretro, nounretrospective, nounrubbing, nounself-portrait, nounshade, nounshade, verbsilk screen, adjectivesilversmith, nounsitter, nounsketch, nounsketch, verbsketchpad, nounson et lumière, nounstudy, nounstylized, adjectivesuperimpose, verbsymbol, nountattoo, nountattoo, verbtessellated, adjectivetransfer, nounturpentine, nounvanishing point, nounvibrant, adjectiveview, nounvisual aid, nounvisual arts, nounwoodcarving, nounwoodcut, noun Collocations COLLOCATIONS FROM THE ENTRY► abstract idea/concept etc  the ability to translate abstract ideas into words ► in abstract terms  By the age of seven, children are capable of thinking in abstract terms. ► abstract thought  Human beings are the only creatures capable of abstract thought (=thinking about ideas). COLLOCATIONS FROM OTHER ENTRIES► an abstract concept (=based on general ideas rather than on something that exists)· He finds it hard to grasp abstract concepts. ► an abstract notion · In art, how can you represent abstract notions such as peace or justice? ► an abstract sculpture · an abstract sculpture of the universe COLLOCATIONS FROM THE CORPUSADVERB► highly · The danger in viewing the organisation as a purposeful entity is that one ends up with a highly abstract and artificial analysis.· It follows that narrative poetics is in fact a form of historiography, a highly abstract story of stories.· One reason for this may have lain in the unwillingness of biologists to accept the highly abstract nature of his theory. ► purely · Her work became more purely abstract, and yet refused to conform to the Puritan style often associated with abstract art.· But, of course, they must never remain purely abstract.· Such thoughts were not purely abstract, but directed towards Eliot's own values and to London.· Genette's relational strategy leads him to construct purely abstract combinations without any real existence in literature. NOUN► art · For example, cubism is very little like its object, and abstract art, not at all.· And this museum, previously named the Museum of Non-Objective Art, was championing abstract art as early as the 1930s.· Really I prefer abstract art, but it's more difficult to sell.· Pop art directly challenged what was increasingly seen as abstract art's esoteric retreat from the world.· In 1937 the historian Meyer Schapiro, writing first in Marxist Quarterly, analysed the opposition of realist and abstract art.· David Tindle recounts: Minton was further exacerbated by the groundswell of interest in abstract art forming at this time.· One of the reasons is, I think, that there was a kind of tension between abstract art and decoration.· Her work became more purely abstract, and yet refused to conform to the Puritan style often associated with abstract art. ► artist · It is, however, especially difficult in the history of modernism to reconnect abstract artists with nature. ► concept · As we shall see, there are problems inherent in trying to give shape to such an abstract concept as political culture.· Ultimately, a central objective of political theorizing is to replace proper names with abstract concepts.· We frequently telephone asking him to illustrate some obscure or abstract concept.· As she gets older; she may have difficulty comprehending abstract concepts that are communicated through what she hears.· Political culture is a vague abstract concept that has been subject to various definitions.· Words are only essential to put across more abstract concepts and intellectual ideas.· Mathematics Mathematics is concerned essentially with understanding abstract concepts.· Yet the scholarly energy which reinvigorated abstract concepts of political function was identical with that which satirized them. ► expressionism · She is remembered largely for her pioneering ` dancing modernism, a corollary to abstract expressionism.· Like Watson, Carr has assembled generous visual material on the best-known artists of abstract expressionism, especially Pollock and de Kooning.· In the context of post-war uncertainty it is relatively easy to relate existentialism to abstract expressionism.· O'Hara's list of friends reads like a Who's Who of abstract expressionism.· Far from hanging on to its radical credentials, abstract expressionism was seen by many to have sedimented into mainstream orthodoxy.· The cult of abstract expressionism ricocheted around the world.· The dominance of abstract expressionism has been buttressed by an impressive degree of partisanship and an illusion of consensus.· The titles of these essays indicate that the terms in which historians were writing about abstract expressionism had refocused art history. ► expressionist · The museum directors and critics did not name any abstract expressionist, let alone Pollock.· We encounter Judd before the rest of the minimalists and Clyfford Still after his fellow abstract expressionists.· Lately I have been studying the paintings of an abstract expressionist named Diebenkorn. ► form · A further example of abstract form which is not mere pattern is Tantric art.· It is obvious that affective factors are involved even in the most abstract forms of intelligence.· This is fairly obvious with a relatively abstract form such as a moral code.· There are formal operational thinkers - those who immediately grasp the abstract form of the problem and solve it quickly and easily. ► idea · In the Introduction to the Principles, Berkeley spends a considerable time arguing against the doctrine of abstract ideas.· Are they planned in terms of transforming abstract ideas or theories into useful learning experiences?· How about this for an abstract idea!· Entrants had to pick one of the four sections and develop their design from the abstract ideas that they found there.· The abstract idea of the Rechtsstaat must not be set above the values which it is designed to defend.· All historical writings, even those which deal with complicated and abstract ideas, narrate stories about people and their lives. ► level · In generative phonology, the claim is that, at the abstract level, vowels are simply tense or lax.· Our point here is that at an abstract level, every organization values pretty much the same things.· In structuralism, these formal properties are taken at a relatively abstract level.· At an abstract level, these arguments are probably true.· People understand - on an abstract level - that education and training are important. ► model · You have already been allowed to enter an abstract model of Pool.· The abstract models presented in Figure 9. 1 are our starting point for understanding the idea of a political economy. ► nature · Where there is no love to start with, there is nothing of an abstract nature to withhold.· Nature is the setting but abstract nature; feeling, not representation.· This chapter will analyse the abstract nature of the search space drawing on relevant aspects of state-space search theory.· Another kind of stress is of a more abstract nature.· One reason for this may have lain in the unwillingness of biologists to accept the highly abstract nature of his theory. ► noun · Think about clichés, abstract nouns, adjectives and adverbs.· We might even discover that he uses a lower number of abstract nouns than other writers of his time.· Have you used words that are too familiar, worn-out similes, too many abstract nouns?· But introducing an abstract noun is not the same thing as providing an explanation. ► painter · But the abstract painters don't want to produce decoration, they want to produce High Art.· Nadler, a serious abstract painter, displays a small gem at Davis Dominguez.· The fourth dimension also played a part in uniting a number of abstract painters and sculptors in the inter-war period.· Sean Scully is one senior abstract painter whose work is both personal and ostentatious. ► painting · Several large abstract paintings shout at her.· The foyer and staircase are hung with Mondrian-inspired abstract paintings.· His hatred of abstract painting - even of people like Jackson Pollock and Nicholson.· A good abstract painting is an experiment I don't have to conduct because some one has done it for me. ► pattern · She saw feet sinking into the thick pile of the new rugs whose abstract patterns evoked the work of contemporary artists.· A vast, impersonal, abstract pattern stands be-hind this legend.· This sample illustrates how easy it is to create abstract patterns from familiar objects by using the various options available.· Industrious Buddhist monks laid out gardens everywhere full of abstract patterns that preceded Picasso by centuries.· And that tuned in well with my inclinations to look for formal qualities and make more or less abstract patterns out of nature.· But these themes are always interspersed with more fanciful ones: grimacing masks, weird animals, exuberant abstract patterns. ► principle · Judges present decisions behind the veil of abstract principle which often conceals the naked face of consequentialist considerations of loss distribution.· But when I became an adult, I began to see the importance of those abstract principles in a personal way.· But it was never expected that voters would forsake their loyalties in large numbers for an abstract principle. ► quality · There is a somewhat abstract quality about this body which currently operates out of solicitors' premises somewhere in Berkshire.· In these circumstances such corporate wealth begins to take on an almost abstract quality.· These figures have an abstract quality, and may not seem to mean much.· Decibel is the personification of an abstract quality.· To the Milesians, however, the opposites were not abstract qualities, on a par with numbers, but concrete stuffs. ► theory · They are not merely abstract theory or pious statements of intent that look good posted on the staff notice board.· The first level was of abstract theory and method; the second was centred upon current policy questions. ► thought · But she had no more time for abstract thoughts.· Lakoff and several others in his field have demonstrated, how-ever, that nearly all conceptual and abstract thought is structured metaphorically.· Their ideological development should be viewed as much in terms of this harmonization as in terms of the abstract thought of isolated intellectuals.· Some say language, others abstract thought, and so on. ► way · The morphologists' interpretation of evolution invoked adaptation only in the most abstract way.· He even found himself liking the gunman in an abstract way, despite Gomez's future role as his executioner. ► work · Formalist analyses of abstract works proved compelling at first, although they became difficult to sustain.· What he can do, however, is render remarkable mixed-media abstract works that revel in the auras of his subjects. 1based on general ideas or principles rather than specific examples or real events SYN  theoreticalabstract idea/concept etc the ability to translate abstract ideas into words By the age of seven, children are capable of thinking in abstract terms. Human beings are the only creatures capable of abstract thought (=thinking about ideas).2existing only as an idea or quality rather than as something real that you can see or touch OPP  concrete:  the abstract nature of beauty3abstract paintings, designs etc consist of shapes and patterns that do not look like real people or things → abstract noun abstract1 adjectiveabstract2 nounabstract3 verb abstractabstract2 ●○○ AWL noun [countable] Examples EXAMPLES FROM THE CORPUS A call for papers has been issued and abstracts should be submitted as soon as possible. A call for papers has been issued and the deadline for abstracts is 4 May 1992. But religion does not reside in theological abstracts. Even with abstracts, the theme was, more often than not a Biblical one. He came and stood beside me and picked out one of the new abstracts I'd done at home. word sets WORD SETS► Newspapers/Printing/Publishing abstract, nounagony aunt, nounagony column, nounannual, nounanthology, nounantiquarian, adjectiveappendix, nounarticle, nounauthor, nounautobiography, nounback, nounbackslash, nounbackspace, nounballoon, nounbanner headline, nounbestiary, nounbest-seller, nounbibliography, nounbibliophile, nounbind, verbbinder, nounbinding, nounbiographer, nounbiography, nounblackout, nounbold, adjectiveboldface, nounbook, nounbookbinding, nounbooklet, nounbookmark, nounbookmobile, nounbookplate, nounbookseller, nounbookshop, nounbookstall, nounbookstore, nounbound, adjectivebox, nounbraille, nounbroadsheet, nounbrochure, nounbubble, nounbulletin, nounby-line, nouncalendar, nouncaption, nouncarry, verbcatalogue, nouncentrefold, nounchain letter, nounchapbook, nounchapter, nounchequebook journalism, nouncircular, nouncirculation, nouncity desk, nouncity editor, nounclassified ad, nounclip, nounclipping, nouncodex, nouncol, collection, nouncolour supplement, nouncolumn, nouncolumnist, nouncomic, nouncomic strip, nouncommentary, nouncommentator, nouncompanion, nouncompendium, nouncomposition, nouncompositor, nouncontribute, verbcontributor, nouncopy, nouncopy editor, nouncopyist, nouncorrespondent, nouncoursebook, nouncover girl, nouncover story, nouncross-refer, verbcross-reference, nouncutting, noundaily, noundesk, noundiarist, noundiary, noundictionary, noundime novel, noundirectory, noundog-eared, adjectivedoorstep, verbdotted line, noundraft, noundraft, verbDTP, noundust jacket, nouned., edit, verbedition, nouneditor, nouneditorial, nouneditorship, nounemend, verbencyclopedia, nounentry, nounerratum, nounet al, adverbet cetera, adverbexclusive, nounexposure, nounexpurgated, adjectivefeature, nounff, figure, nounfiller, nounfinancial supermarket, Fleet Street, fly leaf, nounfolio, nounfollow-up, nounfont, nounfootnote, nounforeword, nounformat, nounformat, verbfrontispiece, nounfull-page, adjectivefull stop, nounfunny papers, noungagging order, galley, noungazette, noungazetteer, nounghost, verbghost writer, noungloss, noungloss, verbglossary, nounglossy, noungonzo journalism, noungossip column, noungraphic design, nounguide, nounguillotine, nounhack, nounhagiography, nounhalftone, nounhandbill, nounhandbook, nounhardback, nounhardcover, nounheading, nounheadline, nounheadline, verbheadword, nounhistory, nounhumorist, nounillustrate, verbillustration, nounimpression, nounimprimatur, nounimprint, nounindent, verbindentation, nounindex, nounindex, verbinsert, nouninset, nouninset, verbinstalment, nouninterpolate, verbISBN, nounissue, nounitalicize, verbitalics, nounjacket, nounjournal, nounjournalese, nounjournalism, nounjournalist, nounjourno, nounl, landscape, nounlayout, nounleader, nounleading article, nounleaf, nounletter-size, adjectivelibrary, nounlimited edition, nounlined, adjectiveLinotype, nounliterature, nounlocal paper, nounlocal rag, nounloose-leaf, adjectivelower case, nounmag, nounmagazine, nounmanuscript, nounmargin, nounmasthead, nounmezzotint, nounmicrofiche, nounmisprint, nounmonograph, nounmonthly, nounmorocco, nounmuckraking, nounN/A, N.B., news, nounnews agency, nounnewshound, nounnewsletter, nounnewspaper, nounnewsprint, nounnews release, nounnon-fiction, nounnote, nounnotebook, nounnotice, nounnumber, nounobituary, nounoffprint, nounoffset, adjectiveomnibus, nounop. cit., open letter, nounorgan, nounoverleaf, adverboverprint, verbp., pagination, nounpamphlet, nounpamphleteer, nounpap, nounpaparazzi, nounpaper, nounpaperback, nounpaperboy, nounpaper girl, nounpaper round, nounpaper shop, nounpara, passage, nounpaste-up, nounperiodical, nounpersonal ad, nounpersonal column, nounphrasebook, nounpicture book, nounpiece, nounplate, nounpocketbook, nounpp., prequel, nounpress, nounpress baron, nounpress box, nounpress conference, nounpress corps, nounpress cutting, nounpress gallery, nounpressman, nounpress office, nounpress release, nounprint, verbprint, nounprinted matter, nounprinter, nounprinting, nounprinting ink, nounprinting press, nounproblem page, nounproof, nounproofread, verbpublication, nounpublish, verbpublisher, nounpublishing, nounpull-out, nounquarterly, adjectivequarterly, nounquarto, nounquire, nounquotation, nounquote, verbrag, nounreader, nounreadership, nounreading, nounream, nounred ink, nounreference, nounreference book, nounreference library, nounrelease, verbreprint, verbreproduce, verbreproduction, nounreproductive, adjectivereview, nounreview, verbreviewer, nounrevise, verbrevision, nounrider, nounroman, nounsans serif, nounsaturation, nounscare story, nounscoop, nounscoop, verbsection, nounserif, nounset, verbsilk screen, adjectivesketch, nounslipcase, nounsmall ad, nounsoft porn, nounsource, nounspace, nounspine, nounsplash, verbspoiler, nounstay of execution, nounstop press, nounstory, nounstorybook, nounstringer, nounstrip, nounstrip cartoon, nounsub, nounsub, verbsubedit, verbsub-editor, nounsubheading, nounsubscribe, verbsubscriber, nounsubscription, nounsuperscript, adjectivesupplement, nounsymposium, nounsyndicate, verbtable, nountabloid, nountext, nounthumb index, nountitle page, nountome, nountract, nountreatise, nountrot, nountype, nountypeface, nountypescript, nountypesetting, nountypographer, nountypography, nounvanity press, nounvellum, nounvignette, nounvol., volume, nounweekly, nounwell-thumbed, adjectivewoodblock, nounwrite-up, noun Collocations COLLOCATIONS FROM OTHER ENTRIES► an abstract concept (=based on general ideas rather than on something that exists)· He finds it hard to grasp abstract concepts. ► an abstract notion · In art, how can you represent abstract notions such as peace or justice? ► an abstract sculpture · an abstract sculpture of the universe Phrases PHRASES FROM THE ENTRY► in the abstract In the abstract, democracy is wonderful, but a true democracy may not be possible. But the suicide letter also keeps a foot in the abstract world, the world of metaphysics in my extended sense. But when Arrowsmith found other keywords in the abstracts of papers on both subjects, it soon made the connection. Designing elegant systems in the abstract is not much use. Ethics in the abstract judges action by its conformity with the moral law; political ethics judges action by its political consequences. Generally this is perceived, not in the abstract, but by listing the failings of Catholic countries. I don't think if you just consider products or a market in the abstract that you can be ahead of your time. Indeed, although regulatory offences in the abstract may be regarded as of minor consequence they may in certain cases have drastic results. You might have thought that, in the abstract, the immediate prospect was attractive. 1a painting, design etc which contains shapes or images that do not look like real things or people2a short written statement containing only the most important ideas in a speech, article etc3in the abstract considered in a general way rather than being based on specific details and examples:  Talking about crime in the abstract just isn’t enough. abstract1 adjectiveabstract2 nounabstract3 verb abstractab‧stract3 /əbˈstrækt, æb-/ AWL verb [transitive] Verb Table VERB TABLE abstract Simple Form Present I, you, we, they abstract he, she, it abstracts Past I, you, he, she, it, we, they abstracted Present perfect I, you, we, they have abstracted he, she, it has abstracted Past perfect I, you, he, she, it, we, they had abstracted Future I, you, he, she, it, we, they will abstract Future perfect I, you, he, she, it, we, they will have abstracted Continuous Form Present I am abstracting he, she, it is abstracting you, we, they are abstracting Past I, he, she, it was abstracting you, we, they were abstracting Present perfect I, you, we, they have been abstracting he, she, it has been abstracting Past perfect I, you, he, she, it, we, they had been abstracting Future I, you, he, she, it, we, they will be abstracting Future perfect I, you, he, she, it, we, they will have been abstracting Examples EXAMPLES FROM THE CORPUS At all levels past the rudimentary, strategies for abstracting meaning from text and imparting meaning into text count for nearly everything. Data used to produce the I9X binding profile was abstracted from reference 21. Frequently we abstract from this covenant by singling out the Ten Commandments and ignoring much of the remainder of the Mosaic code. His movements were slow, his gaze abstracted, as if he were composing a poem in his head. It has art's power to translate, to abstract from the circumstances in which it originates. Whatever musings had abstracted me from the charms of the city fled before the lucidity of that long-drawn-out instant of disaster. Collocations COLLOCATIONS FROM OTHER ENTRIES► an abstract concept (=based on general ideas rather than on something that exists)· He finds it hard to grasp abstract concepts. ► an abstract notion · In art, how can you represent abstract notions such as peace or justice? ► an abstract sculpture · an abstract sculpture of the universe 1to write a document containing the most important ideas or points from a speech, article etc2formal to remove something from somewhere
随便看	sinecure sine qua non sinew sinewy sinful sinfully sing singalong Singapore Singaporean Sing a song of sixpence singe singer Singer, Isaac Bashevis singer-songwriter Singhalese singing Singin' in the Rain single single-breasted single combat single cream single currency single-decker single figures

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