Repeated transspinal stimulation increased the motoneuron output over multiple segments.
Lynda M. Murray, Maria Knikou 2019, 'Transspinal stimulation increases motoneuron output of multiple segments in humanspinal cord injury', PLOS ONE10.1371/journal.pone.0213696. Retrieved from PLOS CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
The latter was performed using both conventional and new indicators of alpha motoneuron excitability.
N. Ghotbi, M.R. Hadian, G.R. Olyaei, H. Bagheri, S. Talebian, N. Nakhostin-AnsariS. Nafissi 2007, 'THE INVESTIGATION OF CRITERION VALIDITY OF THE MODIFIED ASHWORTH SCALE USING THE ALPHAMOTONEURON EXCITABILITY INDICATORS', Acta Medica Iranicahttp://journals.tums.ac.ir/PdfMed.aspx?pdf_med=/upload_files/pdf/4038.pdf&manuscript_id=4038. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
A similar picture emerged when considering the spatiotemporal maps of alpha-motoneuron activation.
Germana Cappellini, Yury P Ivanenko, Giovanni Martino, Michael J MacLellan, AnnalisaSacco, Daniela Morelli, Francesco Lacquaniti, Francesco Lacquaniti, Francesco Lacquaniti 2016, 'Immature spinal locomotor output in children with Cerebral Palsy', Frontiers in Physiologyhttp://journal.frontiersin.org/Journal/10.3389/fphys.2016.00478/full. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Each electrode records a weighted sum of a subset of simulated motoneuron activity patterns.
Mohamed N. Abdelghani, James J. Abbas, Kenneth W. Horch, Ranu eJung 2014, 'A functional model and simulation of spinal motor pools and intrafascicular recordingsof motoneuron activity in peripheral nerve', Frontiers in Neurosciencehttp://journal.frontiersin.org/Journal/10.3389/fnins.2014.00371/full. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
These results suggest that direct current has a facilitatory effect on motoneuron reflex excitability.
Olyaei G, Akbari M, Esfandiarpoor F 2000, 'Effects of direct current on motoneuron reflex excitability (Assessed by H-reflexamplitude) in healthy subjects', Acta Medica Iranicahttp://journals.tums.ac.ir/PdfMed.aspx?pdf_med=/upload_files/pdf/1257.pdf&manuscript_id=1257. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Collateral branching was quantified from motoneuron counts after retrograde labeling from 3 facial nerve branches.
Kirsten Haastert, Maria Grosheva, Srebrina K. Angelova, Orlando Guntinas-Lichius,Emmanouil Skouras, Joern Michael, Claudia Grothe, Sarah A. Dunlop, Doychin N. Angelov 2009, 'Schwann Cells Overexpressing FGF-2 Alone or Combined with Manual Stimulation Do NotPromote Functional Recovery after Facial Nerve Injury', Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnologyhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2009/408794. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Accordingly, neurotrophins can restore the axotomy-induced alterations acting selectively on different properties of the motoneuron.
Beatriz Benítez-Temiño, María A. Davis-López de Carrizosa, Sara Morcuende, EsperanzaR. Matarredona, Rosa R. de la Cruz, Angel M. Pastor 2016, 'Functional Diversity of Neurotrophin Actions on the Oculomotor System', International Journal of Molecular Scienceshttp://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/17/12/2016. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Despite this pronounced shift, individual motoneuron cell bodies stay aligned with their extending axons.
Juliane Bremer, Michael Granato 2016, 'Myosin phosphatase Fine-tunes Zebrafish Motoneuron Position during Axonogenesis.',PLoS Geneticshttp://europepmc.org/articles/PMC5147773?pdf=render. Retrieved from PLOS CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
The subcortical saccade-generating system consists of the retina, superior colliculus, cerebellum and brainstem motoneuron areas.
Jan Morén, Tomohiro Shibata, Kenji Doya 2013, 'The mechanism of saccade motor pattern generation investigated by a large-scale spikingneuron model of the superior colliculus.', PLoS ONEhttp://europepmc.org/articles/PMC3576366?pdf=render. Retrieved from PLOS CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
C-boutons are important cholinergic modulatory loci for state-dependent alterations in motoneuron firing rate.
Adam S. Deardorff, Shannon H. Romer, Patrick M. Sonner, Robert E.W. Fyffe 2014, 'Swimming against the tide: investigations of the C-Bouton synapse', Frontiers in Neural Circuitshttp://journal.frontiersin.org/Journal/10.3389/fncir.2014.00106/full. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)