In contrast, exposure to constant light exacerbated the inflammatory responses and neuroglial loss.
Yunkyung Hong, Yunho Jin, Kanghui Park, Jeonghyun Choi, Hyunbon Kang, Sang-Rae Lee,Yonggeun Hong 2019, 'Elevated Serum Melatonin under Constant Darkness Enhances Neural Repair in SpinalCord Injury through Regulation of Circadian Clock Proteins Expression', Journal of Clinical Medicinehttps://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/8/2/135. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
There have been no prior published cases of a neuroglial choristoma in the extremities.
Justin Glavis-Bloom, MD, Daniel Nahl, DO, Elyssa M. Rubin, MD, Ali Nael, MD, TuanDao, MD 2019, 'Congenital neuroglial choristoma of the foot', Radiology Case Reportshttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1930043319300494. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
These biomarker studies have assessed various axonal and neuroglial markers as well as inflammatory mediators, such as cytokines and chemokines.
Parmenion P. Tsitsopoulos, Parmenion P. Tsitsopoulos, Sami Abu Hamdeh, Niklas Marklund,Niklas Marklund 2017, 'Current Opportunities for Clinical Monitoring of Axonal Pathology in Traumatic BrainInjury', Frontiers in Neurologyhttp://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fneur.2017.00599/full. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Neuroglial choristomas are rare malformations of heterotopic neural tissue that have been previously reported predominantly in the head and neck.
Justin Glavis-Bloom, MD, Daniel Nahl, DO, Elyssa M. Rubin, MD, Ali Nael, MD, TuanDao, MD 2019, 'Congenital neuroglial choristoma of the foot', Radiology Case Reportshttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1930043319300494. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Several explanations have been proposed to account for the mechanisms of neuroglial interactions involved in neural plasticity.
Vera Maura Fernandes de Lima, Alfredo Pereira 2016, 'The Plastic Glial-Synaptic Dynamics within the Neuropil: A Self-Organizing SystemComposed of Polyelectrolytes in Phase Transition', Neural Plasticityhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/7192427. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Histologically, they are made up of astrocytes and neuroglial cells, embedded in fibrous and vascular connective tissue.
Rana Sherwani, Kafil Akhtar, Prasenjit S Ray, Sayed S Ahmad 2014, 'Nasal glioma with psammomatous calcification- An unusual presentation', International Journal of Cancer Therapy and Oncologyhttp://ijcto.org/index.php/IJCTO/article/view/61. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Astrocytes are neuroglial cells that exhibit functional electrical properties sensitive to neuronal activity and capable of modulating neurotransmission.
Ana L. G. Mestre, Ana L. G. Mestre, Pedro M. C. Inácio, Pedro M. C. Inácio, YoussefElamine, Youssef Elamine, Sanaz Asgarifar, Sanaz Asgarifar, Ana S. Lourenço, Ana S.Lourenço, Maria L. S. Cristiano, Maria L. S. Cristiano, Paulo Aguiar, Paulo Aguiar,Maria C. R. Medeiros, Inês M. Araújo, Inês M. Araújo, João Ventura, Henrique L. Gomes,Henrique L. Gomes 2017, 'Extracellular Electrophysiological Measurements of Cooperative Signals in AstrocytesPopulations', Frontiers in Neural Circuitshttp://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fncir.2017.00080/full. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Uncoupling neuroglial communication leads to alterations in synaptic transmission that can be detrimental to neuronal circuit function and behavior.
Lady C. Mayorquin, Andrea V. Rodriguez, Jhon-Jairo Sutachan, Sonia L. Albarracín 2018, 'Connexin-Mediated Functional and Metabolic Coupling Between Astrocytes and Neurons',Frontiers in Molecular Neurosciencehttp://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fnmol.2018.00118/full. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
It consisted of astrocytic neuroglial cells with fibrous connective tissue and coveredby the normal respiratory mucosa.
Vučković Nada, Vučković Dejan, Dankuc Dragan, Jovančević Ljiljana 2006, 'Nasal glioma', Archive of Oncologyhttp://www.doiserbia.nb.rs/img/doi/0354-7310/2006/0354-73100602057V.pdf. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)