Isolation of leptospires was performed from blood and kidney tissues and characterized to serovar level.
Kumaresan Vedhagiri, Kalimuthusamy Natarajaseenivasan, Shanmugarajan G. Prabhakaran,Joseph Selvin, Ramasamy Narayanan, Yogesh S. Shouche, Paluru Vijayachari, SivalingamRatnam 2010, 'Characterization of Leptospira borgpetersenii isolates from field rats (Rattus norvegicus)by 16S rRNA and lipL32 gene sequencing', Brazilian Journal of Microbiologyhttp://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1517-83822010000100022. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Cross-reactions or exposure to ≥1 serovar was measured in 43% of serum samples.
Anou Dreyfus, Terence Odoch, Lordrick Alinaitwe, Sabrina Rodriguez-Campos, AmanuelTsegay, Valentine Jaquier, Clovice Kankya 2017, 'Cross-Sectional Serological Survey for Leptospira spp. in Beef and Dairy Cattle inTwo Districts in Uganda', International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Healthhttps://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/14/11/1421. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
In humans, the serovar distribution in the south differed from other regions.
Sudarat Chadsuthi, Dominique J Bicout, Anuwat Wiratsudakul, Duangjai Suwancharoen,Wimol Petkanchanapong, Charin Modchang, Wannapong Triampo, Parntep Ratanakorn, KarineChalvet-Monfray 2017, 'Investigation on predominant Leptospira serovars and its distribution in humans andlivestock in Thailand, 2010-2015.', PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseaseshttp://europepmc.org/articles/PMC5325611?pdf=render. Retrieved from PLOS CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Thus, serovar designations confounded genetically unrelated isolates and failed to recognize natural evolutionary groupings.
Mark Achtman, John Wain, François-Xavier Weill, Satheesh Nair, Zhemin Zhou, VartulSangal, Mary G Krauland, James L Hale, Heather Harbottle, Alexandra Uesbeck, GordonDougan, Lee H Harrison, Sylvain Brisse 2012, 'Multilocus sequence typing as a replacement for serotyping in Salmonella enterica.',PLoS Pathogenshttp://europepmc.org/articles/PMC3380943?pdf=render. Retrieved from PLOS CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
The serovar distribution was diverse including strains not commonly isolated from clinical samples.
Denise Myriam Dekker, Ralf Krumkamp, Nimako Sarpong, Hagen Frickmann, Kennedy GyauBoahen, Michael Frimpong, Renate Asare, Richard Larbi, Ralf Matthias Hagen, Sven Poppert,Wolfgang Rabsch, Florian Marks, Yaw Adu-Sarkodie, Jürgen May 2015, 'Drinking Water from Dug Wells in Rural Ghana — Salmonella Contamination, EnvironmentalFactors, and Genotypes', International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Healthhttp://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/12/4/3535. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Novel vaccines with broad serovar coverage are needed, but suitable protective antigens remain largely unknown.
Somedutta Barat, Yvonne Willer, Konstantin Rizos, Beatrice Claudi, Alain Mazé, AnneK Schemmer, Dennis Kirchhoff, Alexander Schmidt, Neil Burton, Dirk Bumann 2012, 'Immunity to intracellular Salmonella depends on surface-associated antigens.', PLoS Pathogenshttp://europepmc.org/articles/PMC3475680?pdf=render. Retrieved from PLOS CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Ureaplasma parvum serovar 3/14 was the most prevalent.
Karnika Saigal, Benu Dhawan, Jyoti Rawre, Neena Khanna, Rama Chaudhry 2016, 'Genital Mycoplasma and Chlamydia trachomatis infections in patients with genital tractinfections attending a tertiary care hospital of North India', Indian Journal of Pathology and Microbiologyhttp://www.ijpmonline.org/article.asp?issn=0377-4929;year=2016;volume=59;issue=2;spage=194;epage=196;aulast=Saigal. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Salmonella serovar was determined by molecular serotyping.
Ganyu Gu, Laura K. Strawn, David O. Oryang, Jie Zheng, Elizabeth A. Reed, Andrea R.Ottesen, Rebecca L. Bell, Yuhuan Chen, Steven Duret, David T. Ingram, Mark S. Reiter,Rachel Pfuntner, Eric W. Brown, Steven L. Rideout 2018, 'Agricultural Practices Influence Salmonella Contamination and Survival in Pre-harvestTomato Production', Frontiers in Microbiologyhttps://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fmicb.2018.02451/full. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
No more than one serovar was isolated per individual.
Clara Marin, Maria-Dolores Palomeque, Francisco Marco-Jiménez, Santiago Vega 2014, 'Wild Griffon Vultures (Gyps fulvus) as a Source of Salmonella and Campylobacter inEastern Spain', PLoS ONE10.1371/journal.pone.0094191. Retrieved from PLOS CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)