These variances were estimable for both direct and parental nongenetic variances.
Caroline E. Thomson, Isabel S. Winney, Océane C. Salles, Benoit Pujol 2018, 'A guide to using a multiple-matrix animal model to disentangle genetic and nongeneticcauses of phenotypic variance', PLOS ONE10.1371/journal.pone.0197720. Retrieved from PLOS CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Nongenetic traits of smoking and alcohol were generated as covariates for other traits.
Zhou Xiaojun, Morrison John, Daw E Warwick, Thomas Duncan C 2003, 'Genetic Analysis Workshop 13: Simulated longitudinal data on families for a systemof oligogenic traits', BMC Geneticshttp://www.gaworkshop.org. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
However, the identity and mechanisms of this nongenetic inheritance are poorly understood.
Neil A Youngson, Virginie Lecomte, Christopher A Maloney, Preston Leung, Jia Liu,Luke B Hesson, Fabio Luciani, Lutz Krause, Margaret J Morris 2016, 'Obesity-induced sperm DNA methylation changes at satellite repeats are reprogrammedin rat offspring', Asian Journal of Andrologyhttp://www.ajandrology.com/article.asp?issn=1008-682X;year=2016;volume=18;issue=6;spage=930;epage=936;aulast=Youngson. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
These results can also be applied to cultural or other nongenetic traits.
Benjamin Minault Fitzpatrick 2014, 'Symbiote transmission and maintenance of extra-genomic associations', Frontiers in Microbiologyhttp://journal.frontiersin.org/Journal/10.3389/fmicb.2014.00046/full. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Most clefts are likely caused by multiple genetic and nongenetic factors.
Emrah Ayna, Emine Göncü Başaran, Köksal Beydemir 2009, 'Prosthodontic Rehabilitation Alternative of Patients with Cleft Lip and Palate (CLP):Two Cases Report', International Journal of Dentistryhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2009/515790. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Its pathogenesis may involve multiple genetic and nongenetic factors, but its etiology remains largely unknown.
Sasaki Hidenao, Emi Mitsuru, Iijima Hiroshi, Ito Noriko, Sato Hidenori, Yabe Ichiro,Kato Takeo, Utsumi Jun, Matsubara Kenichi 2011, 'Copy number loss of (src homology 2 domain containing)-transforming protein 2 (SHC2)gene: discordant loss in monozygotic twins and frequent loss in patients with multiplesystem atrophy', Molecular Brainhttp://www.molecularbrain.com/content/4/1/24. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
This should be of interest both to those studying heritability, and those who wish to understand nongenetic variance.
Caroline E. Thomson, Isabel S. Winney, Océane C. Salles, Benoit Pujol 2018, 'A guide to using a multiple-matrix animal model to disentangle genetic and nongeneticcauses of phenotypic variance', PLOS ONE10.1371/journal.pone.0197720. Retrieved from PLOS CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
The methods use matrices describing individual similarity in nongenetic effects, analogous to the additive genetic relatedness matrix.
Caroline E. Thomson, Isabel S. Winney, Océane C. Salles, Benoit Pujol 2018, 'A guide to using a multiple-matrix animal model to disentangle genetic and nongeneticcauses of phenotypic variance', PLOS ONE10.1371/journal.pone.0197720. Retrieved from PLOS CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
However, direct quantitative measures of how such nongenetic inheritance affects subsequent changes in gene expression have been lacking.
Benjamin B Kaufmann, Qiong Yang, Jerome T Mettetal, Alexander van Oudenaarden 2007, 'Heritable stochastic switching revealed by single-cell genealogy.', PLoS Biologyhttp://europepmc.org/articles/PMC1964776?pdf=render. Retrieved from PLOS CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Such nongenetic individuality has been observed in a wide range of biological processes, including differentiation and stress response.
Sivan Pearl, Chana Gabay, Roy Kishony, Amos Oppenheim, Nathalie Q Balaban 2008, 'Nongenetic individuality in the host-phage interaction.', PLoS Biologyhttp://europepmc.org/articles/PMC2386839?pdf=render. Retrieved from PLOS CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)