However, empirical social networks in general also include a substantial number of nonreciprocal edges.
Malmros Jens, Masuda Naoki, Britton Tom 2016, 'Random Walks on Directed Networks: Inference and Respondent-Driven Sampling', Journal of Official Statisticshttp://www.degruyter.com/view/j/jos.2016.32.issue-2/jos-2016-0023/jos-2016-0023.xml?format=INT. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Remarkably, the emotions of online users are more convergent in nonreciprocal entrainment.
Saike He, Xiaolong Zheng, Daniel Zeng, Chuan Luo, Zhu Zhang 2016, 'Exploring Entrainment Patterns of Human Emotion in Social Media', PLOS ONE10.1371/journal.pone.0150630. Retrieved from PLOS CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Nonreciprocal optical devices traditionally rely on magnetic fields and magnetic-free approaches are rather recent.
N. R. Bernier, L. D. Tóth, A. Koottandavida, M. A. Ioannou, D. Malz, A. Nunnenkamp,A. K. Feofanov, T. J. Kippenberg 2017, 'Nonreciprocal reconfigurable microwave optomechanical circuit', Nature Communicationshttp://link.springer.com/article/10.1038/s41467-017-00447-1. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Here we demonstrate a framework for synthesizing theoretically frequency-independent multi-port nonreciprocal networks.
Ruochen Lu, Jack Krol, Liuqing Gao, Songbin Gong 2018, 'A Frequency Independent Framework for Synthesis of Programmable Non-reciprocal Networks',Scientific Reportshttp://link.springer.com/article/10.1038/s41598-018-32898-x. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Magnetic materials facilitate time-reversal symmetry breaking, aiding in the development of nonreciprocal isolators or modulators.
Sederberg Shawn, Firby Curtis J., Greig Shawn R., Elezzabi Abdulhakem Y. 2016, 'Integrated nanoplasmonic waveguides for magnetic, nonlinear, and strong-field devices',Nanophotonicshttp://www.degruyter.com/view/j/nanoph.2017.6.issue-1/nanoph-2016-0135/nanoph-2016-0135.xml?format=INT. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
An alternative “genome-stirring hypothesis” posits haphazard and repeated fusions, inversions, and reciprocal and nonreciprocal translocations.
Angel Amores, Catherine A. Wilson, Corey A. H. Allard, H. William Detrich, III, JohnH. Postlethwait 2017, 'Cold Fusion: Massive Karyotype Evolution in the Antarctic Bullhead Notothen Nototheniacoriiceps', G3: Genes, Genomes, Geneticshttp://g3journal.org/lookup/doi/10.1534/g3.117.040063. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Nonreciprocal optical elements often require magnetic materials in order to breaktime-reversal symmetry.
S. Barzanjeh, M. Wulf, M. Peruzzo, M. Kalaee, P. B. Dieterle, O. Painter, J. M. Fink 2017, 'Mechanical on-chip microwave circulator', Nature Communicationshttp://link.springer.com/article/10.1038/s41467-017-01304-x. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
We show that nonreciprocal diffraction can be obtained only for these nonzero orders.
Tian-Jing Guo, Li-Ting Wu, Mu Yang, Rui-Peng Guo, Hai-Xu Cui, Jing Chen 2014, 'Role of photonic angular momentum states in nonreciprocal diffraction from magneto-opticalcylinder arrays', AIP Advanceshttp://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4891859. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
At boundaries, these phases accumulate allowing plasmon waves that reflect off to experience a nonreciprocal parallel shift.
Li-kun Shi, Justin C. W. Song 2018, 'Plasmon Geometric Phase and Plasmon Hall Shift', Physical Review Xhttp://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevX.8.021020. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Over the last decades, developed countries have provided preferential access to their markets to developing countries through nonreciprocal trade agreements.
Salvador Gil-Pareja, Rafael Llorca-Vivero, José Antonio Martínez-Serrano 2019, 'Reciprocal vs nonreciprocal trade agreements: Which have been best to promote exports?',PLOS ONE10.1371/journal.pone.0210446. Retrieved from PLOS CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)