Nonreproductive females in small domiciles may be reproductively suppressed, subfertile, or accumulating resources to reproduce.
J. D. J. Gilbert, A. Wells, S. J. Simpson 2018, 'Skew in ovarian activation depends on domicile size in phyllode-glueing thrips', Scientific Reportshttp://link.springer.com/article/10.1038/s41598-018-21635-z. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Agroinfiltration can be used to selectively transform nonreproductive organs and avoid introgression.
Pei-Feng Liu, Yanhan Wang, Robert G. Ulrich, Christopher W. Simmons, Jean S. VanderGheynst,Richard L. Gallo, Chun-Ming Huang 2018, 'Leaf-Encapsulated Vaccines: Agroinfiltration and Transient Expression of the AntigenStaphylococcal Endotoxin B in Radish Leaves', Journal of Immunology Researchhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/3710961. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Wolbachia also infects somatic tissues where it can cause nonreproductive phenotypes in its host, including resistance to viral pathogens.
Kevin J. Emerson, Robert L. Glaser 2017, 'Cytonuclear Epistasis Controls the Density of Symbiont Wolbachia pipientis in NongonadalTissues of Mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus', G3: Genes, Genomes, Geneticshttp://g3journal.org/lookup/doi/10.1534/g3.117.043422. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
In all vertebrate species, estrogens play a crucial role in the development, growth, and function of reproductive and nonreproductive tissues.
Gwenneg Kerdivel, Denis Habauzit, Farzad Pakdel 2013, 'Assessment and Molecular Actions of Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals That Interferewith Estrogen Receptor Pathways', International Journal of Endocrinologyhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/501851. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)