These genes control the major endocytic pathways, endosomal transport, cell signaling, and cytoskeleton rearrangement.
Cheng-Feng Chiang, Mike Flint, Jin-Mann S. Lin, Christina F. Spiropoulou 2016, 'Endocytic Pathways Used by Andes Virus to Enter Primary Human Lung Endothelial Cells',PLOS ONE10.1371/journal.pone.0164768. Retrieved from PLOS CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Importantly, delivery occurs by diffusion directly into the cytoplasm in an endocytic-independent manner.
Shirley O'Dea, Valeria Annibaldi, Louise Gallagher, Joanne Mulholland, Emer L Molloy,Conor J Breen, Jennifer L Gilbert, Darren S Martin, Michael Maguire, Fitz-Roy Curry 2017, 'Vector-free intracellular delivery by reversible permeabilization.', PLoS ONEhttp://europepmc.org/articles/PMC5373627?pdf=render. Retrieved from PLOS CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
However, the molecular mechanisms that organize specific endocytic trafficking routes are poorly understood.
Casper C Hoogenraad, Ioana Popa, Kensuke Futai, Emma Martinez-Sanchez, Phebe S Wulf,Thijs van Vlijmen, Bjorn R Dortland, Viola Oorschot, Roland Govers, Maria Monti, AlbertJ R Heck, Morgan Sheng, Judith Klumperman, Holger Rehmann, Dick Jaarsma, Lukas C Kapitein,Peter van der Sluijs 2010, 'Neuron specific Rab4 effector GRASP-1 coordinates membrane specialization and maturationof recycling endosomes.', PLoS Biologyhttp://europepmc.org/articles/PMC2808209?pdf=render. Retrieved from PLOS CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
We hypothesized that receptor localization in membrane rafts may play a role in endocytic sorting.
Shona Pryor, Gretchen McCaffrey, Lindsay R Young, Mark L Grimes 2012, 'NGF causes TrkA to specifically attract microtubules to lipid rafts.', PLoS ONEhttp://europepmc.org/articles/PMC3319630?pdf=render. Retrieved from PLOS CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
However, a rationale for low endocytic activity in insect stages has not been explored.
Gibson Wendy, Leung Ka, Peacock Lori, Natesan Senthil KA, Field Mark C 2010, 'Evidence that low endocytic activity is not directly responsible for human serum resistancein the insect form of African trypanosomes', BMC Research Noteshttp://www.biomedcentral.com/1756-0500/3/63. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
The migration properties are partly dictated by cell adhesion and its endocytic regulation.
Takeshi Kawauchi 2012, 'Cell Adhesion and Its Endocytic Regulation in Cell Migration during Neural Developmentand Cancer Metastasis', International Journal of Molecular Scienceshttp://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/13/4/4564/. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Several new endocytic routes have been discovered and mechanistically characterizedin mammalian cells.
Christophe eLamaze, Cédric M. Blouin 2013, 'Interferon gamma receptor: The beginning of the journey', Frontiers in Immunologyhttp://journal.frontiersin.org/Journal/10.3389/fimmu.2013.00267/full. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
However, the contribution of cholesterol uptake through the endocytic pathway has not been fully explored.
Ting Yu, Andrew P Lieberman 2013, 'Npc1 acting in neurons and glia is essential for the formation and maintenance ofCNS myelin.', PLoS Geneticshttp://europepmc.org/articles/PMC3623760?pdf=render. Retrieved from PLOS CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Also, in vitro experiments show that ouabain did not affect endocytic capacity.
Jacqueline Alves Leite, Anne Kaliery De Abreu Alves, José Guilherme Marques Galvão,Mariana Pires Teixeira, Luiz Henrique Agra Cavalcante-Silva, Cristoforo Scavone, AlexandreMorrot, Vivian Mary Rumjanek, Sandra Rodrigues-Mascarenhas 2015, 'Ouabain Modulates Zymosan-Induced Peritonitis in Mice', Mediators of Inflammationhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/265798. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
These membrane-associated proteins are involved in different steps of endocytic traffickingpathways.
Orly Dorot, Hermann Steller, Daniel Segal, Mia Horowitz 2017, 'Past1 Modulates Drosophila Eye Development.', PLoS ONEhttp://europepmc.org/articles/PMC5218476?pdf=render. Retrieved from PLOS CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)