Truffles have evolved from epigeous (aboveground) ancestors in nearly every major lineage of fleshy fungi.
Gregory Bonito, Matthew E. Smith, Michael Nowak, Rosanne A. Healy, Gonzalo Guevara,Efren Cázares, Akihiko Kinoshita, Eduardo R. Nouhra, Laura S. Domínguez, Leho Tedersoo,Claude Murat, Yun Wang, Baldomero Arroyo Moreno, Donald H. Pfister, Kazuhide Nara,Alessandra Zambonelli, James M. Trappe, Rytas Vilgalys 2013, 'Historical Biogeography and Diversification of Truffles in the Tuberaceae and TheirNewly Identified Southern Hemisphere Sister Lineage', PLoS ONE10.1371/journal.pone.0052765. Retrieved from PLOS CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
The high density of these ungulate species may affect the abundance of epigeous invertebrates.
Carpio, A. J., Castro–López, J., Guerrero–Casado, J., Ruiz–Aizpurua, L., Vicente,J., Tortosa, F. S. 2014, 'Effect of wild ungulate density on invertebrates in a Mediterranean ecosystem', Animal Biodiversity and Conservationhttp://abc.museucienciesjournals.cat/files/ABC_37-2_pp_115-125.pdf. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Diversification of plant species favors the increase of diversity and uniformity of epigeous macrofauna.
Márcio Sampaio Pimentel, Rubens Silva Carvalho, Daniela Pionório Vilaronga, LindeteMíria Vieira Martins, Adriano Victor Lopes da Silva 2012, 'Dynamic of epigeous macrofauna under organic soil management in the Brazilian semi-aridregion Dinâmica da macrofauna epígea sob manejo orgânico do solo no semi-áridobrasileiro', Semina: Ciências Agráriashttp://www.uel.br/revistas/uel/index.php/semagrarias/article/view/6811. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Diversity and uniformity are inversely correlated with total density of epigeous macrofauna.
Márcio Sampaio Pimentel, Rubens Silva Carvalho, Daniela Pionório Vilaronga, LindeteMíria Vieira Martins, Adriano Victor Lopes da Silva 2012, 'Dynamic of epigeous macrofauna under organic soil management in the Brazilian semi-aridregion Dinâmica da macrofauna epígea sob manejo orgânico do solo no semi-áridobrasileiro', Semina: Ciências Agráriashttp://www.uel.br/revistas/uel/index.php/semagrarias/article/view/6811. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
The seedlings are eudicotyledonous, phanerocotylar, epigeous and the seeds have hyaline, asymmetric, paper-textured expansions.
Flavia Aparecida Ortolani, Márcia Fiorese Mataqueiro, José Roberto Moro, Fabíola VittiMoro, Carlos Ferreira Damião Filho 2008, 'Morfo-anatomia de plântulas e número cromossômico de Cybistax antisyphilitica (Mart.)Mart. (Bignoniaceae) Seedling morpho-anatomy and chromosome number of Cybistax antisyphilitica(Mart.) Mart. (Bignoniaceae)', Acta Botânica Brasílicahttp://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0102-33062008000200005. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Initial seedling morphology follows the epigeous-phanerocotylar type.
Joanice Lube Battilani, Etenaldo Felipe Santiago, Andréa Lúcia Teixeira de Souza 2006, 'Morfologia de frutos, sementes e desenvolvimento de plântulas e plantas jovens deMaclura tinctoria (L.) D. Don. ex Steud. (Moraceae) Morphology of fruits, seeds, andseedling and sapling development of Maclura tinctoria (L.) D. Don. ex Steud. (Moraceae)',Acta Botânica Brasílicahttp://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0102-33062006000300008. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
In underground springs, larval development apparently required longer time than in nearby epigeous streams.
Raoul Manenti, Gentile F. Ficetola, Barbara Bianchi, Fiorenza De Bernardi 2009, 'Habitat features and distribution of Salamandra salamandra in undergroundsprings', Acta Herpetologicahttp://www.fupress.net/index.php/ah/article/view/3416. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)