In these cases, an accurate identification of the epileptogenic area must be addressed before resection.
Jesús Pastor, Luis Domínguez-Gadea, Rafael G Sola, VirgilioHernando, María Luisa Meilán, et al 2008, 'First true initial ictal SPECT in partial epilepsy verified by electroencephalography',Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatmenthttp://www.dovepress.com/first-true-initial-ictal-spect-in-partial-epilepsy-verified-by-electro-a1014. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Studies assessing pro-epileptogenic changes in models of depression, however, are more limited.
Yifei Jiang, Raymund Y. K. Pun, Katrina Peariso, Katherine D. Holland, Qingquan Lian,Steve C. Danzer 2015, 'Olfactory Bulbectomy Leads to the Development of Epilepsy in Mice', PLOS ONE10.1371/journal.pone.0138178. Retrieved from PLOS CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Hence, they provide an opportunity to study epileptogenic alterations in a temporally controlled manner.
Deepti Chugh, Idrish Ali, Anahita Bakochi, Elma Bahonjic, Lars Etholm, Christine T.Ekdahl 2015, 'Alterations in Brain Inflammation, Synaptic Proteins, and Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesisduring Epileptogenesis in Mice Lacking Synapsin2', PLOS ONE10.1371/journal.pone.0132366. Retrieved from PLOS CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
The patient underwent surgical resection of the epileptogenic cortex.
Osama N. Kashlan, David V. LaBorde, LaKesha Davison, Amit M. Saindane, Daniel Brat,Patricia A. Hudgins, Robert E. Gross 2011, 'Meningioangiomatosis: A Case Report and Literature Review Emphasizing Diverse Appearanceon Different Imaging Modalities', Case Reports in Neurological Medicinehttp://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/361203. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Here, we asked if these possibly anti-epileptogenic effects might involve anti-inflammatory mechanisms.
Osculati Francesco, Mora Graciela, Merigo Flavia, Rodi Donata, Paradiso Beatrice,Zucchini Silvia, Bovolenta Roberta, Berto Elena, Marconi Peggy, Marzola Andrea, FabenePaolo F, Simonato Michele 2010, 'Hippocampal FGF-2 and BDNF overexpression attenuates epileptogenesis-associated neuroinflammationand reduces spontaneous recurrent seizures', Journal of Neuroinflammationhttp://www.jneuroinflammation.com/content/7/1/81. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Their use has also been extended in pediatric and adult patients to treat epileptogenic foci.
Joseph Sebeo, Stacie G. Deiner, Ron L. Alterman, Irene P. Osborn 2010, 'Anesthesia for Pediatric Deep Brain Stimulation', Anesthesiology Research and Practicehttp://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/401419. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
In this subgroup of patients, neuroimaging plays an important role in identifying an epileptogenic focus.
Sanjay Prabhu, Nasreen Mahomed 2015, 'Imaging of intractable paediatric epilepsy', South African Journal of Radiologyhttps://sajr.org.za/index.php/sajr/article/view/936. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
This indicated the existence of epileptogenic networks, which could enhance local excitability and facilitate synchronization.
Chuanzuo Yang, Guoming Luan, Guoming Luan, Guoming Luan, Qian Wang, Qian Wang, ZhaoLiu, Zhao Liu, Feng Zhai, Feng Zhai, Qingyun Wang 2018, 'Localization of Epileptogenic Zone With the Correction of Pathological Networks',Frontiers in Neurologyhttp://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fneur.2018.00143/full. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Surprisingly, hippocampal neurogenesis was reduced in the epileptogenic phase.
Deepti Chugh, Idrish Ali, Anahita Bakochi, Elma Bahonjic, Lars Etholm, Christine TEkdahl 2015, 'Alterations in Brain Inflammation, Synaptic Proteins, and Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesisduring Epileptogenesis in Mice Lacking Synapsin2.', PLoS ONEhttp://europepmc.org/articles/PMC4503715?pdf=render. Retrieved from PLOS CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
However, neither volume nor metabolite deviations consistently lateralized the epileptogenic hippocampus.
Natalie L. Voets, Carl J. Hodgetts, Arjune Sen, Jane E. Adcock, Uzay Emir 2017, 'Hippocampal MRS and subfield volumetry at 7T detects dysfunction not specific to seizurefocus', Scientific Reportshttp://link.springer.com/article/10.1038/s41598-017-16046-5. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)