Dysfunction of the axonemal structure leads to ciliopathies.
Anđelković Marina, Spasovski Vesna, Vreća Miša, Sovtić Aleksandar, Rodić Milan, KomazecJovana, Pavlović Sonja, Minić Predrag 2019, 'The importance of genomic profiling for differential diagnosis of pediatric lung diseasepatients with suspected ciliopathies', Srpski Arhiv za Celokupno Lekarstvohttp://www.doiserbia.nb.rs/img/doi/0370-8179/2019/0370-81791900012A.pdf. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
These include cell cycle, vesicular trafficking, and axonemal extension.
Jacob Keeling, Leonidas Tsiokas, Dipak Maskey 2016, 'Cellular Mechanisms of Ciliary Length Control', Cellshttp://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/5/1/6. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Flagellar assembly requires coordination between the assembly of axonemal proteins and the assembly of the flagellar membrane and membrane proteins.
William Dentler 2013, 'A Role for the Membrane in Regulating Chlamydomonas Flagellar Length', PLoS ONE10.1371/journal.pone.0053366. Retrieved from PLOS CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
The axonemal core of motile cilia and flagella consists of nine doublet microtubules surrounding two central single microtubules.
Jianfeng Lin, Thomas Heuser, Kangkang Song, Xiaofeng Fu, Daniela Nicastro 2012, 'One of the nine doublet microtubules of eukaryotic flagella exhibits unique and partiallyconserved structures.', PLoS ONEhttp://europepmc.org/articles/PMC3468612?pdf=render. Retrieved from PLOS CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
How axonemal microtubules end at this domain varies with distinct cilia types, originating different tip architectures.
Helena Soares, Bruno Carmona, Sofia Nolasco, Luís Viseu Melo, João Gonçalves 2019, 'Cilia Distal Domain: Diversity in Evolutionarily Conserved Structures', Cellshttps://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/8/2/160. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)