Extracranial metastases are very rare with few case reports published to date.
Rubens Barros Costa, Ricardo Costa, Jason Kaplan, Marcelo Rocha Cruz, Hiral Shah,Maria Matsangou, Benedito Carneiro 2017, 'A Rare Case of Glioblastoma Multiforme with Osseous Metastases', Case Reports in Oncological Medicinehttp://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/2938319. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
The patient had undergone excision of the extracranial lesion followed by combination chemotherapy.
Laishram J. Singh, Sudha Reddy, Khaidem I. Singh 2005, 'Intracranial germ cell tumour with extra cranial extension in a four month old infant– a case report', Medical Journal of Indonesiahttp://mji.ui.ac.id/journal/index.php/mji/article/view/188. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
The resection must be restricted to the extracranial portion.
Roberto S. Martins, Orildo Ciquini Jr., Hamilton Matushita, José Píndaro P. Plese 1995, 'Lipoma do corpo caloso com extensão extracraniana através de falha óssea frontal Lipomaof the corpus callosum with extracranial extension through a frontal bone defect',Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatriahttp://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0004-282X1995000400022. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Metastatic workup revealed no extracranial disease, and the patient underwent adjuvant radiation therapy.
Alexandra M. Arambula, Matthew M. Dedmon, Brendan P. O'Connell, Robert J. Yawn, ScottL. Parker, Reid C. Thompson, Alejandro Rivas 2018, 'Hemangiopericytoma of the skull base masquerading as a middle ear mass: Case reportand literature review', Otolaryngology Case Reportshttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2468548818300602. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Extracranial vertebral artery aneurysms require a high index of clinical suspicion.
Lampis C. Stavrinou, George Stranjalis, Pantelis C. Stavrinou, N. Bontozoglou, DamianosE. Sakas 2010, 'Extracranial Vertebral Artery Aneurysm Presenting as a Chronic Cervical Mass Lesion',Case Reports in Medicinehttp://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/938219. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
History of anticoagulants, liver disease, hypotension, extracranial injuries, transfusion, brain death were excluded.
Venencia Albert, Subramanian Arulselvi, Deepak Agrawal, Hara Prasad Pati, RavindraMohan Pandey 2019, 'Early posttraumatic changes in coagulation and fibrinolysis systems in isolated severetraumatic brain injury patients and its influence on immediate outcome', Hematology/Oncology and Stem Cell Therapyhttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1658387618300979. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
In some patients the pain of migraine originates in the extracranial cranial arteries.
Elliot Shevel 2017, 'A method for determining when the superficial scalp arteries are the source of migrainepain', South African Medical Journalhttp://www.samj.org.za/index.php/samj/article/view/12022/8189. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
The extracranial complications were noted and reported.
Sanal Mohan, Sahni D. K, Lijin Radhakrishnan, Unnikrishnan T 2016, 'STUDY OF EXTRA CRANIAL COMPLICATIONS OF CHRONIC SUPPURATIVE OTITIS MEDIA', Journal of Evidence Based Medicine and Healthcarehttp://www.jebmh.com/data_pdf/Sanal%20Mohan--FINAL.pdf. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
There was preoperative evidence of extracranial disease in 9 patients.
João Flávio Mattos Araújo, Alexander Sperlescu, Eduardo Barros Melacci, Roque JoséBalbo 1997, 'Melanomas metastáticos intracranianos: análise de 13 casos Malignant melanoma brainmetastases: analysis of 13 cases', Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatriahttp://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0004-282X1997000200018. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Cephalocervical fibromuscular dysplasia typically involves the extracranial portionof the internal carotid artery (nearly 95%).
Lee A. Birnbaum, Richard Sherry, Edgard Pereira 2005, 'Isolated intracranial fibromuscular dysplasia presents as stroke in a 19-year-oldfemale Diplasia fibromuscular intracraniana isolada manifestando-se como acidentevascular cerebral em mulher de 19 anos', Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatriahttp://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0004-282X2005000200021. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)