any electron that is not attached to an ion, atom, or molecule and is free to move under the influence of an applied electric or magnetic field
free electron in American English
noun
Physics
an electron that is not attached to an atom or molecule and is free to respond to outside forces
Word origin
[1905–10]This word is first recorded in the period 1905–10. Other words that entered Englishat around the same time include: airway, aspect ratio, push-up, thiamine, white list
Examples of 'free electron' in a sentence
free electron
Harmonic generation becomes increasingly important as x-ray free-electron lasers push to shorter wavelengths.
H. P. Freund, N. A. Yampolsky, Q. Marksteiner 2014, 'Enhanced harmonic generation in x-ray free-electron lasers', Physical Review Special Topics. Accelerators and Beamshttp://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevSTAB.17.010702. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
The diffusion current densities of free electron and hole are calculated first.
Jung-Sheng Huang, Kuan-Wei Lee, Yu-Hsiang Tseng 2014, 'Analysis of the High Conversion Efficiencies β-FeSi2 and BaSi2 n-i-p Thin Film SolarCells', Journal of Nanomaterialshttp://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/238291. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
The configuration may be applied to free-electron lasers and high-order laser harmonics.
Fabio Frassetto, Paolo Miotti, Luca Poletto 2015, 'Compression of Extreme-Ultraviolet Ultrashort Pulses by Grating Configurations', Journal of Spectroscopyhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/495914. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Free electron lasers operating with two colors are promising devices for applications.
M. Carpanese, F. Ciocci, G. Dattoli, A. Petralia, V. Petrillo, A. Torre 2016, 'Seeded free electron laser operating with two colors: Comments on experimental results',Physical Review Accelerators and Beamshttp://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevAccelBeams.19.050703. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Free electron lasers provide a state-of-the-art tool to investigate the photochemistry of water.
Yao Chang, Yong Yu, Heilong Wang, Xixi Hu, Qinming Li, Jiayue Yang, Shu Su, ZhigangHe, Zhichao Chen, Li Che, Xingan Wang, Weiqing Zhang, Guorong Wu, Daiqian Xie, MichaelN. R. Ashfold, Kaijun Yuan, Xueming Yang 2019, 'Hydroxyl super rotors from vacuum ultraviolet photodissociation of water', Nature Communicationshttp://link.springer.com/article/10.1038/s41467-019-09176-z. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
We also derive an analytical expression, which determines the bandwidth of the free-electron laser.
Stephen Webb, Vladimir N. Litvinenko, Gang Wang 2012, 'Free-electron laser growing modes and their bandwidths', Physical Review Special Topics. Accelerators and Beamshttp://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevSTAB.15.080701. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
We investigate the quantum regime of a high-gain free-electron laser starting from noise.
R. Bonifacio, N. Piovella, G. R. M. Robb, A. Schiavi 2006, 'Quantum regime of free electron lasers starting from noise', Physical Review Special Topics. Accelerators and Beamshttp://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevSTAB.9.090701. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
The efficiency of a free-electron laser can be enhanced by the phase jump method.
Alan Mak, Francesca Curbis, Sverker Werin 2017, 'Phase jump method for efficiency enhancement in free-electron lasers', Physical Review Accelerators and Beamshttp://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevAccelBeams.20.060703. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
This effect restricts an application of intense ultrashort electron pulses in free-electron radiation sources.
Yu. Lurie, Y. Pinhasi 2010, 'Modal description of longitudinal space-charge fields in pulse-driven free-electrondevices', Physical Review Special Topics. Accelerators and Beamshttp://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevSTAB.13.050701. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Coulombian diffusion determines a dilution of bunching coefficients in free electron laser seeded devices.
G. Dattoli, E. Sabia 2013, 'Bunching coefficients in echo-enabled harmonic generation', Physical Review Special Topics. Accelerators and Beamshttp://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevSTAB.16.070702. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)