However, as echolocating animals, their pinnae generate the acoustic cues necessary for navigation and foraging.
Dieter Vanderelst, Herbert Peremans, Norizham Abdul Razak, Edouard Verstraelen, GrigoriosDimitriadis 2015, 'The aerodynamic cost of head morphology in bats: maybe not as bad as it seems.', PLoS ONEhttp://europepmc.org/articles/PMC4349651?pdf=render. Retrieved from PLOS CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
The cartilaginous plates of the ear pinnae were intact.
Mohie Haridy, Abdelnasser Abdel-Hady, Soha Soliman 2018, 'Auricular Perichondritis and Multifocal Chondromata in an Egyptian Donkey with Droopy',SVU-International Journal of Veterinary Scienceshttps://portal.svu.edu.eg/svu-src/index.php/ijvs/article/view/25/38. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Furthermore, the ear pinnae were diffusely thickened with subcutaneous induration.
Mohie Haridy, Abdelnasser Abdel-Hady, Soha Soliman 2018, 'Auricular Perichondritis and Multifocal Chondromata in an Egyptian Donkey with Droopy',SVU-International Journal of Veterinary Scienceshttps://portal.svu.edu.eg/svu-src/index.php/ijvs/article/view/25/38. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Pinnae length declines more rapidly with altitude in sheltered species.
Patricia Sánchez-Baracaldo, Gavin H Thomas 2014, 'Adaptation and convergent evolution within the Jamesonia-Eriosorus complex in high-elevationbiodiverse Andean hotspots.', PLoS ONEhttp://europepmc.org/articles/PMC4207698?pdf=render. Retrieved from PLOS CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Mutants exhibit enlarged ear pinnae with a distinctive ventrolateral shift.
Munroe Robert J, Prabhu Vinay, Acland Greg M, Johnson Kenneth R, Harris Belinda S,O'Brien Tim P, Welsh Ian C, Noden Drew M, Schimenti John C 2009, 'Mouse H6 Homeobox 1 (Hmx1) mutations cause cranial abnormalities and reducedbody mass', BMC Developmental Biologyhttp://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-213X/9/27. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
This fixture replicated the anatomical shapes of the head and the pinnae, and was also equipped with ear simulators.
Emil Kozlowski, Rafal Mlynski 2019, 'Selection of Earmuffs and Other Personal Protective Equipment Used in Combination',International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Healthhttps://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/16/9/1477. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Frond number and length, pinnae number, raquis length and diameter, fresh and dry matter weight were measured.
Sandra Tereza Ambrósio, Natoniel Franklin de Melo 2004, 'Interaction between sucrose and pH during in vitro culture of Nephrolepis biserrata(Sw.) Schott (Pteridophyta) Interação da sacarose e níveis de pH durante o cultivoin vitro de Nephrolepis biserrata (Sw.) Schott (Pteridophyta)', Acta Botânica Brasílicahttp://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0102-33062004000400011. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
It can be distinguishable by densely covered unicellular hairs on the fronds and morphology of pinnae.
Yea-Chen Liu, C. R. Fraser-Jenkins 2006, 'Athyrium puncticaule (Blume) T. Moore (Woodsiaceae), New to Taiwan', Taiwaniahttp://tai2.ntu.edu.tw/taiwania/abstract.php?type=abstract&id=518. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)