Animals were monitored for life/death, melanisation and bacterial numbers enumerated from larval haemolymph.
Jonathan Betts, Christopher Nagel, Ulrich Schatzschneider, Robert Poole, Robert M.La Ragione 2017, 'Antimicrobial activity of carbon monoxide-releasing molecule [Mn(CO)3(tpa-κ3N)]Brversus multidrug-resistant isolates of Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli and its synergywith colistin', PLOS ONE10.1371/journal.pone.0186359. Retrieved from PLOS CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Assays for lysosomal stability were conducted on the haemolymph.
Denis Moledo de Souza Abessa, Letícia Pires Zaroni, Eduinetty Ceci Pereira Moreirade Sousa, Marcia Regina Gasparro, Camilo Dias Seabra Pereira, Bauer Rodarte de FigueredoRachid, Michael Depledge, Rebecca Susan King 2005, 'Physiological and cellular responses in two populations of the mussel Perna pernacollected at different sites from the coast of São Paulo, Brazil', Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technologyhttp://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1516-89132005000200008. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Phenoloxidase activity and haemolymph cellular subtype count were investigated.
Francesca Millanta, Simona Sagona, Maurizio Mazzei, Mario Forzan, Alessandro Poli,Antonio Felicioli 2019, 'Phenoloxidase activity and haemolymph cytology in honeybees challenged with a virussuspension (deformed wings virus DWV) or phosphate buffered suspension (PBS)', Ciência Ruralhttp://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0103-84782019000200550&lng=en&tlng=en. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Hexamerins are insect storage proteins abundantly secreted by the larval fat body into the haemolymph.
Juliana Ramos Martins, Márcia Maria Gentile Bitondi 2016, 'The HEX 110 Hexamerin Is a Cytoplasmic and Nucleolar Protein in the Ovaries of Apismellifera.', PLoS ONEhttp://europepmc.org/articles/PMC4783013?pdf=render. Retrieved from PLOS CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Both haemolymph and expressed protein exhibited antibacterial activities comparable to positive control.
Seufi AlaaEddeen M, Hafez Elsayed E, Galal Fatma H 2011, 'Identification, phylogenetic analysis and expression profile of an anionic insectdefensin gene, with antibacterial activity, from bacterial-challenged cotton leafworm,Spodoptera littoralis', BMC Molecular Biologyhttp://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2199/12/47. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
This led to higher antibacterial activity of such haemolymph in comparison to non-stimulated larvae.
Ivana Valachova, Emanuel Prochazka, Jana Bohova, Petr Novak, Peter Takac, Juraj Majtan 2014, 'Antibacterial properties of lucifensin in Lucilia sericata maggots after septic injury',Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicinehttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2221169115303269. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
The haemolymph samples were used for determination of glucose, proteins, lipids, and triglycerides.
Bibiana K. Dutra, Karina M. da Silva, Caroline Zank, Maria R. Conter, Guendalina T.Oliveira 2008, 'Seasonal variation of the effect of high-carbohydrate and high-protein diets on theintermediate metabolism of Parastacus brasiliensis (Crustacea, Decapoda, Parastacidae)maintained in the laboratory Variações sazonais do efeito de uma dieta rica em carboidratoe rica em proteínas no metabolismo intermediário de Parastacus brasiliensis (Crustacea,Decapoda, Parastacidae) mantidos em laboratório', Iheringia: Série Zoologiahttp://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0073-47212008000400003. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
The exuding haemolymph droplet acts as a feeding deterrent towards invertebrate predators.
Bouillard Philippe, Mertens Tanguy, Ducarme Véronique, Boevé Jean-Luc, Angeli Sergio 2004, 'Surface structure, model and mechanism of an insect integument adapted to be damagedeasily', Journal of Nanobiotechnologyhttp://www.jnanobiotechnology.com/content/2/1/10. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Analysis of haemolymph indicated that octopamine increases during cold exposure.
Yuechen Zhu, Leo de Castro, Robin Lewis Cooper 2018, 'Effect of temperature change on synaptic transmission at crayfish neuromuscular junctions',Biology Openhttp://bio.biologists.org/content/7/12/bio037820. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)