Increased coral heterotrophy with higher food availability thus appears to be species-specific.
Sarah Nahon, Nicole B. Richoux, Joanna Kolasinski, Martin Desmalades, Christine FerrierPages, Gael Lecellier, Serge Planes, Véronique Berteaux Lecellier 2013, 'Spatial and Temporal Variations in Stable Carbon (δ13C) and Nitrogen (δ15N) IsotopicComposition of Symbiotic Scleractinian Corals', PLoS ONE10.1371/journal.pone.0081247. Retrieved from PLOS CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Nevertheless, the inhibitory effect of heterotrophy on dark calcification appearsto be oxygen-independent.
Tim Wijgerde, Saskia Jurriaans, Marleen Hoofd, Johan A. J. Verreth, Ronald Osinga 2012, 'Oxygen and Heterotrophy Affect Calcification of the Scleractinian Coral Galaxea fascicularis',PLoS ONE10.1371/journal.pone.0052702. Retrieved from PLOS CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Waste inputs increased primary production rates, but in higher concentrations forced the system to heterotrophy.
Andrade Regina Célia Bastos de, Souza Marcelo Friederichs Landim de, Couto Ermindada Conceição Guerreiro 1998, 'Influência de efluentes têxteis e alimentícios sobre o metabolismo e propriedadesfísicas e químicas do rio Piauitinga (Sergipe)', Química Novahttp://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0100-40421998000400009. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Heterotrophy can lead to relaxed constraint on some plastid genes or even total gene loss.
Kuehl Jennifer V, Boore Jeffrey L, McNeal Joel R, de Pamphilis Claude W 2007, 'Complete plastid genome sequences suggest strong selection for retention of photosyntheticgenes in the parasitic plant genus Cuscuta', BMC Plant Biologyhttp://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2229/7/57. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
The switch to heterotrophy leads to profound changes at the morphological, physiological and genomic levels.
Mikhail I. Schelkunov, Aleksey A. Penin, Maria D. Logacheva 2018, 'RNA-seq highlights parallel and contrasting patterns in the evolution of the nucleargenome of fully mycoheterotrophic plants', BMC Genomicshttp://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12864-018-4968-3. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Acidification alone did not have a strong effect on total bioerosion or survival rates, yet it co-occurred with reduced heterotrophy.
Michelle Achlatis, Rene M. van der Zande, Christine H. L. Schönberg, James K. H. Fang,Ove Hoegh-Guldberg, Sophie Dove 2017, 'Sponge bioerosion on changing reefs: ocean warming poses physiological constraintsto the success of a photosymbiotic excavating sponge', Scientific Reportshttp://link.springer.com/article/10.1038/s41598-017-10947-1. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
These variations are related to successive phytoplankton blooms that partly feed seasonally variable heterotrophy the rest of the year.
Schiettecatte Laure-Sophie, Ruddick Kevin, Borges Alberto V, Delille Bruno 2008, 'Net ecosystem production and carbon dioxide fluxes in the Scheldt estuarine plume',BMC Ecologyhttp://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6785/8/15. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Metabolism was net heterotrophic in all streams, although the degree of heterotrophy was highest in the agricultural stream.
E. Martí, J. L. Riera, D. von Schiller 2009, 'Nitrate retention and removal in Mediterranean streams bordered by contrasting landuses: a 15N tracer study', Biogeoscienceshttp://www.biogeosciences.net/6/181/2009/bg-6-181-2009.pdf. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Results revealed that heterotrophy dominated most of the year, with a short autotrophic period observed in late spring.
Fabien Cremona, Toomas Kõiv, Veljo Kisand, Alo Laas, Priit Zingel, Helen Agasild,Tõnu Feldmann, Ain Järvalt, Peeter Nõges, Tiina Nõges 2014, 'From bacteria to piscivorous fish: estimates of whole-lake and component-specificmetabolism with an ecosystem approach.', PLoS ONEhttp://europepmc.org/articles/PMC4094472?pdf=render. Retrieved from PLOS CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Nutritional modes of unicellular eukaryotes range from pure photoautotrophy of some phytoplankton to pure heterotrophy of species typically calledprotozoa.
Kevin J. Carpenter, Maitrayee Bose, Lubos Polerecky, Alle A. Y. Lie, Karla B. Heidelberg,David A. Caron 2018, 'Single-Cell View of Carbon and Nitrogen Acquisition in the Mixotrophic Alga Prymnesiumparvum (Haptophyta) Inferred From Stable Isotope Tracers and NanoSIMS', Frontiers in Marine Sciencehttp://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fmars.2018.00157/full. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)