Moreover, premalignant and malignant thymocytes exhibited impaired spindle checkpoint function, in association with aneuploid karyotypes.
Konstantin Krutikov, Yanzhen Zheng, Alden Chesney, Xiaoyong Huang, Andrea K. Vaags,Valentina Evdokimova, Margaret R. Hough, Edwin Chen 2014, 'Ectopic TLX1 Expression Accelerates Malignancies in Mice Deficient in DNA-PK', PLoS ONE10.1371/journal.pone.0089649. Retrieved from PLOS CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
A further 11 premalignant pancreaticobiliary and duodenal lesions were studied.
Rowlands Brian J, Ilyas Mohammad, Albasri Abdulkader, Bates Timothy E, Zaitoun AbedM, Aloysius Mark M, Lobo Dileep N 2009, 'Complete absence of M2-pyruvate kinase expression in benign pancreatic ductal epitheliumand pancreaticobiliary and duodenal neoplasia', BMC Cancerhttp://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2407/9/327. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Similar molecular alterations are found in some putative premalignant changes.
Ziva Kirkali, Kutsal Yorukoglu 2001, 'Premalignant Lesions in the Kidney', The Scientific World Journalhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2001.321. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
The premalignant nature of adenomas remains controversial.
Pejić Miljko A., Milić Dragan J. 2003, 'Surgical treatment of gallbladder polypoid lesions', Srpski Arhiv za Celokupno Lekarstvohttp://www.doiserbia.nb.rs/img/doi/0370-8179/2003/0370-81790308319P.pdf. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Oral cancer may be preceded by premalignant disease that appears histologically as dysplasia.
Nagamani Narayana, Julie Gist, Tyler Smith, Daniel Tylka, Gavin Trogdon, James K.Wahl 2010, 'Desmosomal Component Expression in Normal, Dysplastic, and Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma',Dermatology Research and Practicehttp://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/649731. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Premalignant lesions (atrophy and intestinal metaplasia) develop after several decades of inflammation.
Tepes Bojan, Seruga Maja, Vujasinovic Miroslav, Urlep Dejan, Ljepovic Liljana, BrglezJurecic Nataša, Forte Alenka, Anita Kek Ljubec, Skvarc Miha 2017, 'Premalignant gastric lesions in patients included in National colorectal cancer screening',Radiology and Oncologyhttp://www.degruyter.com/view/j/raon.2018.52.issue-1/raon-2017-0054/raon-2017-0054.xml?format=INT. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
There are several techniques for the screening of premalignant and superficial lesions including chromoendoscopy.
Jean Félix PIÑERÚA-GONSÁLVEZ, Rosanna del Carmen ZAMBRANO-INFANTINO, Sylvia BENÍTEZ 2019, 'CHROMOENDOSCOPY USING TOLUIDINE BLUE PLUS LUGOL'S SOLUTION FOR EARLY DIAGNOSIS OFESOPHAGEAL PREMALIGNANT LESIONS AND SUPERFICIAL NEOPLASMS IN HIGH-RISK PATIENTS',Arquivos de Gastroenterologiahttp://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0004-28032019005001101&lng=en&tlng=en. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Furthermore, pathologic results can differentiate between benign and premalignant lesions.
Hang Lak Lee 2016, 'Advances in the Management of Upper Gastrointestinal Subepithelial Tumor: PathologicDiagnosis Using Endoscopy without Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Biopsy', Clinical Endoscopyhttp://www.e-ce.org/upload/pdf/ce-2016-064.pdf. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Diagnoses were categorized as malignant, premalignant, infectious, other pathology, normal or benign, or nondiagnostic.
Satish Gopal, Robert Krysiak, N George Liomba, Marie-Josephe Horner, Carol G Shores,Noor Alide, Steve Kamiza, Coxcilly Kampani, Fred Chimzimu, Yuri Fedoriw, Dirk P Dittmer,Mina C Hosseinipour, Irving F Hoffman 2013, 'Early experience after developing a pathology laboratory in Malawi, with emphasison cancer diagnoses.', PLoS ONEhttp://europepmc.org/articles/PMC3737192?pdf=render. Retrieved from PLOS CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Berries extend effects on the proliferation rates of both premalignant and malignant cells.
Aleksandra S. Kristo, Dorothy Klimis-Zacas, Angelos K. Sikalidis 2016, 'Protective Role of Dietary Berries in Cancer', Antioxidantshttp://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/5/4/37. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)