Since these forests have not been managed for several decades, natural disturbances (windthrow) are frequent.
Fidej G, Mikoš M, Rugani T, Jež J, Kumelj, Diaci J 2015, 'Assessment of the protective function of forests against debris flows in a gorge ofthe Slovenian Alps', iForest - Biogeosciences and Forestryhttps://iforest.sisef.org/contents/?id=ifor0994-007. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
We observed a reduced susceptibility to windthrow of smaller trees after partial harvesting.
K. David Coates, Erin C. Hall, Charles D. Canham 2018, 'Susceptibility of Trees to Windthrow Storm Damage in Partially Harvested Complex-StructuredMulti-Species Forests', Forestshttp://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/9/4/199. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
The red edge channel was the most important for windthrow identification.
Kathrin Einzmann, Markus Immitzer, Sebastian Böck, Oliver Bauer, Andreas Schmitt,Clement Atzberger 2017, 'Windthrow Detection in European Forests with Very High-Resolution Optical Data', Forestshttp://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/8/1/21. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Storm events are capable of causing windthrow to large forest areas.
Marius Rüetschi, David Small, Lars T. Waser 2019, 'Rapid Detection of Windthrows Using Sentinel-1 C-Band SAR Data', Remote Sensinghttp://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/11/2/115. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Windthrow varied by forest stand type, with lower vulnerability within hardwoods.
Kenneth A. Anyomi, Stephen J. Mitchell, Ajith H. Perera, Jean-Claude Ruel 2017, 'Windthrow Dynamics in Boreal Ontario: A Simulation of the Vulnerability of SeveralStand Types across a Range of Wind Speeds', Forestshttp://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/8/7/233. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
The imagery was acquired on approximately 200 hectares where five large windthrow areas had occurred.
Martin Mokroš, Jozef Výbošťok, Ján Merganič, Markus Hollaus, Iván Barton, Milan Koreň,Julián Tomaštík, Juraj Čerňava 2017, 'Early Stage Forest Windthrow Estimation Based on Unmanned Aircraft System Imagery',Forestshttps://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/8/9/306. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
For the two test sites, the novel object-based change detection approach identified over 90% of the windthrow areas (≥0.5 ha).
Kathrin Einzmann, Markus Immitzer, Sebastian Böck, Oliver Bauer, Andreas Schmitt,Clement Atzberger 2017, 'Windthrow Detection in European Forests with Very High-Resolution Optical Data', Forestshttp://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/8/1/21. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Using spectral, temporal, and topography-related metrics, we then mapped four disturbance classes: windthrow, cleared windthrow, bark beetles, and other harvest.
Julian Oeser, Dirk Pflugmacher, Cornelius Senf, Marco Heurich, Patrick Hostert 2017, 'Using Intra-Annual Landsat Time Series for Attributing Forest Disturbance Agents inCentral Europe', Forestshttps://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/8/7/251. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Lack of increase in exotic plants after windthrow disturbance suggests that land preservation provides short-term resistance to invasion.
Douglas R. Manning, Margot W. Kaye, Stephanie J. Perles, David A. Mortensen 2018, 'Short-Term Vegetation Responses Following Windthrow Disturbance on Preserved ForestLands', Forestshttp://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/9/5/278. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)