This phenomenon was not due to the deletion of proviral copy number.
Siew Ching Ngai, Rozita Rosli, Akram Al Abbar, Syahril Abdullah 2015, 'DNA Methylation and Histone Modifications Are the Molecular Lock in Lentivirally TransducedHematopoietic Progenitor Cells', BioMed Research Internationalhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/346134. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
For some viruses, autophagy can even play proviral roles, helping their replication or dissemination.
Kevin Furlong, Seungmin Hwang 2019, 'Autophagy and Noroviruses', Viruseshttp://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/11/3/244. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Their proviral load was also higher, although this elevation did not reach statistical significance.
Maria A. F. Queiroz, Vânia N. Azevedo, Ednelza da S. G. Amoras, Tuane C. F. Moura,Marluísa de O. Guimarães Ishak, Ricardo Ishak, Antonio C. R. Vallinoto, Rosimar N.Martins Feitosa 2018, 'IFNG +874A/T Polymorphism Among Asymptomatic HTLV-1-Infected Individuals Is PotentiallyRelated to a Worse Prognosis', Frontiers in Microbiologyhttps://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fmicb.2018.00795/full. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
The proviral genome has 9,032 base pairs, showing regulatory and structural genes.
Flora Cristina Lobo Penteado, Luciene Medeiros, Maristela Delgado Orellana, PatriciaPalma, Aparecida Maria Fontes, Osvaldo Massaiti Takayanagui, Dimas Tadeu Covas 2006, 'Clonagem e expressão da glicoproteína transmembrana do retrovírus HTLV-1 em célulasde mamíferos Cloning and transmembrane glycoprotein expression of the retrovirus HTLV-1in mammals' cells', Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropicalhttp://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0037-86822006000200007. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Some of the proviral clones contained single or multiple mutations in various combinations.
Wainberg Mark A, Dascal André, Brenner Bluma G, Quan Yudong 2008, 'Highly diversified multiply drug-resistant HIV-1 quasispecies in PBMCs: a case report',Retrovirologyhttp://www.retrovirology.com/content/5/1/43. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Reproducible estimates of the efficiency of proviral gene expression could be derived.
Lever Andrew, Mok Hoi 2006, 'A method to estimate the efficiency of gene expression from an integrated retroviralvector', Retrovirologyhttp://www.retrovirology.com/content/3/1/51. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Approximately 1 in 10 proviral copies was capable of transcription in the asymptomatic phase.
Brian G. Murphy, Samantha J. McDonnel, Ellen E. Sparger, Paul A. Luciw 2012, 'Transcriptional Regulation of Latent Feline Immunodeficiency Virus in Peripheral CD4+T-lymphocytes', Viruseshttp://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/4/5/878. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Genetics, proviral load and infection route are related to disease risk along life.
Marcelo Grossi Araújo, Denise Utsch Gonçalves, Anna Bárbara F. Carneiro-Proietti,Fernando Augusto Proietti, Antonio Carlos M. Guedes 2008, 'Manifestações cutâneas da infecção e das doenças relacionadas ao vírus linfotrópicode células T humanas do tipo 1 Cutaneous manifestations in human T-cell lymphotropicvirus type 1 infection', Anais Brasileiros de Dermatologiahttp://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0365-05962008000500002. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
However, it has not been clear whether this process has proviral or antiviral effects.
Bei Wang, Tze Hau Lam, Mun Kuen Soh, Zhiyong Ye, Jinmiao Chen, Jinmiao Chen, Ee CheeRen, Ee Chee Ren 2018, 'Influenza A Virus Facilitates Its Infectivity by Activating p53 to Inhibit the Expressionof Interferon-Induced Transmembrane Proteins', Frontiers in Immunologyhttps://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fimmu.2018.01193/full. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)