Infertility and subfertility are important and pervasive reproductive problems in both domestic animals and humans.
Megan A. Minten, Todd R. Bilby, Ralph G. S. Bruno, Carolyn C. Allen, Crystal A. Madsen,Zeping Wang, Jason E. Sawyer, Ahmed Tibary, Holly L. Neibergs, Thomas W. Geary, StefanBauersachs, Thomas E. Spencer 2013, 'Effects of Fertility on Gene Expression and Function of the Bovine Endometrium', PLoS ONE10.1371/journal.pone.0069444. Retrieved from PLOS CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Infertility and subfertility negatively impact the economics and reproductive performance of cattle.
Mahesh Neupane, Thomas W. Geary, Jennifer N. Kiser, Gregory W. Burns, Peter J. Hansen,Thomas E. Spencer, Holly L. Neibergs 2017, 'Loci and pathways associated with uterine capacity for pregnancy and fertility inbeef cattle', PLOS ONE10.1371/journal.pone.0188997. Retrieved from PLOS CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Obesity has been found to be associated with male subfertility.
Turkan Dikici Aktas, Mehmet Cinar, Selen Yaman, Sevgi Ayhan, Nuri Danisman 2016, 'Predictive role of transvaginal ultrasonographic measurement of cervical length at22-26 weeks of gestation for preterm deliveries in twin pregnancies', Medicine Sciencehttp://www.ejmanager.com/fulltextpdf.php?mno=217789. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
These conditions may lead to male subfertility or infertility.
Juan G. Reyes, Jorge G. Farias, Sebastián Henríquez-Olavarrieta, Eva Madrid, MarioParraga, Andrea B. Zepeda, Ricardo D. Moreno 2012, 'The Hypoxic Testicle: Physiology and Pathophysiology', Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevityhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/929285. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
In contrast to this subfertility, pregnancies are commonly normal and uneventful.
Mouna Feki Mnif, Mahdi Kamoun, Faten Hadj Kacem, Fatma Mnif, Nadia Charfi, Basma BenNaceur, Nabila Rekik, Mohamed Abid 2013, 'Reproductive outcomes of female patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to21-hydroxylase defi ciency', Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolismhttp://www.ijem.in/article.asp?issn=2230-8210;year=2013;volume=17;issue=5;spage=790;epage=793;aulast=Mnif. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Couples who were initially trying to conceive or had a history of subfertility were excluded.
Joseph B. Stanford, Christina A. Porucznik 2017, 'Enrollment, Childbearing Motivations, and Intentions of Couples in the Creighton ModelEffectiveness, Intentions, and Behaviors Assessment (CEIBA) Study', Frontiers in Medicinehttp://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fmed.2017.00147/full. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
A critical role of impaired decidualization in subfertility has been established.
Chenyang Huang, Yue Jiang, Jianjun Zhou, Qiang Yan, Ruiwei Jiang, Xi Cheng, Jun Xing,Lijun Ding, Jianxin Sun, Guijun Yan, Haixiang Sun 2017, 'Increased Krüppel-like factor 12 in recurrent implantation failure impairs endometrialdecidualization by repressing Nur77 expression', Reproductive Biology and Endocrinologyhttp://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12958-017-0243-8. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)