a cluster of closely-related genes, often with connected functions
adjective
2. geology
(of a mineral) deposited by downward flow of groundwater
3. chemistry
(of a chemical process or enrichment) involving or caused by minerals deposited duringdownward flow of groundwater
a supergene process/reaction
supergene in American English1
(ˈsuːpərˌdʒin)
adjective
Geology
formed by descending waters, as mineral or ore deposits (opposed to hypogene)
Word origin
[1945–50; super- + -gene, as in hypogene]This word is first recorded in the period 1945–50. Other words that entered Englishat around the same time include: RNA, beeper, fail-safe, individual medley, taxi squadsuper- is a prefix occurring originally in loanwords from Latin, with the basic meaning“above, beyond.” Words formed with super- have the following general senses: “to place or be placed above or over” (superimpose; supersede), “a thing placed over or added to another” (superscript; superstructure; supertax), “situated over” (superficial; superlunary) and, more figuratively, “an individual, thing, or property that exceeds customarynorms or levels” (superalloy; superconductivity; superman; superstar), “an individual or thing larger, more powerful, or with wider application than othersof its kind” (supercomputer; superhighway; superpower; supertanker), “exceeding the norms or limits of a given class” (superhuman; superplastic), “having the specified property to a great or excessive degree” (supercritical; superfine; supersensitive), “to subject to (a physical process) to an extreme degree or in an unusual way”(supercharge; supercool; supersaturate), “a category that embraces a number of lesser items of the specified kind” (superfamily; supergalaxy), “a chemical compound with a higher proportion than usual of a given constituent”(superphosphate)
supergene in American English2
(ˈsuːpərˌdʒin)
noun
Genetics
a portion of a chromosome consisting of linked genes that act as a single unit of inheritance
Word origin
[1945–50; super- + gene]This word is first recorded in the period 1945–50. Other words that entered Englishat around the same time include: beeper, individual medley, shootout, spin-off, synchronized swimmingsuper- is a prefix occurring originally in loanwords from Latin, with the basic meaning“above, beyond.” Words formed with super- have the following general senses: “to place or be placed above or over” (superimpose; supersede), “a thing placed over or added to another” (superscript; superstructure; supertax), “situated over” (superficial; superlunary) and, more figuratively, “an individual, thing, or property that exceeds customarynorms or levels” (superalloy; superconductivity; superman; superstar), “an individual or thing larger, more powerful, or with wider application than othersof its kind” (supercomputer; superhighway; superpower; supertanker), “exceeding the norms or limits of a given class” (superhuman; superplastic), “having the specified property to a great or excessive degree” (supercritical; superfine; supersensitive), “to subject to (a physical process) to an extreme degree or in an unusual way”(supercharge; supercool; supersaturate), “a category that embraces a number of lesser items of the specified kind” (superfamily; supergalaxy), “a chemical compound with a higher proportion than usual of a given constituent”(superphosphate)
Examples of 'supergene' in a sentence
supergene
The determined supergene minerals are scorodite, goethite and anglesite.
Cifuentes, J., Méndez, A. J., Matías, R., Gómez Fernández, F. 2005, 'Estudio preliminar de las mineralizaciones de la mina de oro romana de Llamas de Cabrera(Leon, NO de España)', Estudios Geologicoshttp://estudiosgeol.revistas.csic.es/index.php/estudiosgeol/article/view/46/47. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Paragenetic relationships reveal three stages of mineralization: pre-ore, ore, and supergene.
Mustafa Kumral, Amr Abdelnasser, Murat Budakoglu 2016, 'Geochemistry of Hydrothermal Alteration Associated with Cenozoic Intrusion-HostedCu-Pb-Zn Mineralization at Tavşanlı Area, Kütahya, NW Turkey', Mineralshttp://www.mdpi.com/2075-163X/6/1/13. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Besides this, hematite, jarosite and manganese are also present as supergene minerals.
Hamdan Z. Abidin, Bhakti H. Harahap 2014, 'Indikasi mineralisasi epitermal emas bersulfi da rendah, di Wilayah Kecamatan Bonjol,Kabupaten Pasaman, Sumatera Barat', Indonesian Journal on Geosciencehttps://ijog.geologi.esdm.go.id/index.php/IJOG/article/view/28. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
This suggests the process of supergene enrichment.
Arifudin Idrus, Sukamandaru Prihatmoko, Ernowo Harjanto, Franz Michael Meyer, IrzalNur, Wahyu Widodo, Lia Novelia Agung 2017, 'Metamorphic rock-hosted orogenic gold deposit style at Bombana (Southeast Sulawesi)and Buru Island (Maluku): Their key features and significances for gold explorationin Eastern Indonesia', JGEET: Journal of Geoscience, Engineering, Environment and Technologyhttp://journal.uir.ac.id/index.php/JGEET/article/view/291. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Additionally, supergene karstification and structural fractures improve reservoir physical properties.
Jianyong Zhang, Xinfeng Ni, Xingning Wu, Wenzheng Li, Yi Hao, Yanna Chen, Xueju Lü,Mingfeng Gu, Han Tian, Mao Zhu 2018, 'Main controlling factors and distribution of high-quality deep dolomite reservoirsin typical cratonic basins in China', Journal of Natural Gas Geosciencehttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2468256X18300312. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
The intermediate unit hosts a supergene manganese ore deposit formed by weathering of kutnohorite-rich marble.
Silas Santos Salgado, Fabrício de Andrade Caxito, Glaucia Nascimento Queiroga, MarcoPaulo de Castro 2019, 'Stratigraphy, petrography and tectonics of the manganese-bearing Buritirama Formation,Northern Carajás Domain, Amazon Craton', Brazilian Journal of Geologyhttp://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S2317-48892019000100307&lng=en&tlng=en. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
The ore mineralogy typically includes hypogene chalcopyrite, sphalerite, galena, and pyrite, with locally supergene covellite, malachite, and azurite.
Mustafa Kumral, Amr Abdelnasser, Murat Budakoglu 2016, 'Geochemistry of Hydrothermal Alteration Associated with Cenozoic Intrusion-HostedCu-Pb-Zn Mineralization at Tavşanlı Area, Kütahya, NW Turkey', Mineralshttp://www.mdpi.com/2075-163X/6/1/13. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Samples with secondary (supergene) alteration due to oxidation or enrichment show lower susceptibilities than primary (hypogene) alteration rock.
M. E. Gettings 2005, 'Multifractal magnetic susceptibility distribution models of hydrothermally alteredrocks in the Needle Creek Igneous Center of the Absaroka Mountains, Wyoming', Nonlinear Processes in Geophysicshttp://www.nonlin-processes-geophys.net/12/587/2005/npg-12-587-2005.pdf. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Subsequently, in the supergene stage, goethite and limonite minerals with secondary replacement textures formed under oxidation surficial conditions.
Babaei Amir Haji, Ganji Alireza 2018, 'Characteristics of the Ahmadabad hematite/barite deposit, Iran – studies of mineralogy,geochemistry and fluid inclusions', Geologoshttp://www.degruyter.com/view/j/logos.2018.24.issue-1/logos-2018-0004/logos-2018-0004.xml?format=INT. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)