The trends for club foot and syndactyly disappeared once registries with disparate results were excluded.
Joan K Morris, Anna L Springett, Ruth Greenlees, Maria Loane, Marie-Claude Addor,Larraitz Arriola, Ingeborg Barisic, Jorieke E H Bergman, Melinda Csaky-Szunyogh, CarlosDias, Elizabeth S Draper, Ester Garne, Miriam Gatt, Babak Khoshnood, Kari Klungsoyr,Catherine Lynch, Robert McDonnell, Vera Nelen, Amanda J Neville, Mary O'Mahony, AnnaPierini, Annette Queisser-Luft, Hanitra Randrianaivo, Judith Rankin, Anke Rissmann,Jennifer Kurinczuk, David Tucker, Christine Verellen-Dumoulin, Diana Wellesley, HelenDolk 2018, 'Trends in congenital anomalies in Europe from 1980 to 2012.', PLoS ONEhttp://europepmc.org/articles/PMC5886482?pdf=render. Retrieved from PLOS CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Four main types of lesions were found: constriction rings, intrauterine amputations, acrosyndactyly, and simple syndactyly.
Adu Emmanuel, Annan Charles 2008, 'Congenital constriction ring syndrome of the limbs: A prospective study of 16 cases',African Journal of Paediatric Surgeryhttp://www.afrjpaedsurg.org/article.asp?issn=0189-6725;year=2008;volume=5;issue=2;spage=79;epage=83;aulast=Adu. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
In principle, impaired tissue clearance could contribute to persistence of hyaloid vasculature and syndactyly.
Anne C. Bachg, Markus Horsthemke, Boris V. Skryabin, Tim Klasen, Nina Nagelmann, CorneliusFaber, Emma Woodham, Laura M. Machesky, Sandra Bachg, Richard Stange, Hyun-Woo Jeong,Ralf H. Adams, Martin Bähler, Peter J. Hanley 2019, 'Phenotypic analysis of Myo10 knockout (Myo10 tm2/tm2) mice lacking full-length (motorized)but not brain-specific headless myosin X', Scientific Reportshttp://link.springer.com/article/10.1038/s41598-018-37160-y. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
The cardinal clinical features include retinitis pigmentosa, obesity, intellectual delay, polydactyly/syndactyly, and hypogenitalism.
A. Bruce Janati, Naif Saad ALGhasab, Fazal Haq, Ahmad Abdullah, Aboubaker Osman 2015, 'Nystagmus in Laurence-Moon-Biedl Syndrome', Case Reports in Ophthalmological Medicinehttp://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/439409. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
He had congenital cutaneous syndactyly of the third and fourth toes.
Satoko Yamawaki, MD, Motoko Naitoh, MD, PhD, Toshihiro Ishiko, MD, PhD, Rino Aya,MD, Yasuhiro Katayama, MD, Shigehiko Suzuki, MD, PhD 2014, 'A Toe Keloid after Syndactyly Release Treated with Surgical Excision and IntralesionalSteroid Injection', Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Global Openhttp://journals.lww.com/prsgo/Fulltext/2014/07000/Article.11.aspx. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Moreover, association between syndactyly and brachydactyly has still not been reported.
F. Di Dona, G. Della Valle, L. Meomartino, F. Lamagna, G. Fatone 2016, 'Congenital deformity of the distal extremities in three dogs', Open Veterinary Journalhttp://www.openveterinaryjournal.com/2016/Volume%206%20(3)/OVJ-135-06-16%20F.%20Di%20Dona%20et%20al.pdf. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Polydactyly has been reported to occur three times more often than syndactyly.
Uğur Horoz, Buğçe Ballıoğlu, Hülda Rıfat Özakpınar, Emre İnözü, Avni Tolga Eryılmaz,Ali Teoman Tellioğlu 2017, 'Clinical Management and Treatment of Polydactyly', Turkish Journal of Plastic Surgeryhttp://turkjplastsurg.org/eng/makale/1058/80/Full-Text. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)