Untreated xenogeneic and autogeneic grafts served as controls.
Zlinszky Kati, Nadler Daniel, Bittmann Pedro, von Rechenberg Brigitte, Akens MargareteK, Auer Jörg A 2001, 'Long term in-vivo studies of a photo-oxidized bovine osteochondral transplant in sheep',BMC Musculoskeletal Disordershttp://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2474/2/9. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Glycerol-dehydrated corneal lamellae might be potentially useful as an alternative inlay xenogeneic material.
He Jin, Liangping Liu, Hui Ding, Miao He, Chi Zhang, Xingwu Zhong 2017, 'Comparison of femtosecond laser-assisted corneal intrastromal xenotransplantationand the allotransplantation in rhesus monkeys', BMC Ophthalmologyhttp://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12886-017-0595-z. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
In some cases autologous, allogenic, or xenogeneic transgenic cytokine producing cells were assayed.
Gerardo Claudio Glikin, Liliana María Elena Finocchiaro 2014, 'Clinical Trials of Immunogene Therapy for Spontaneous Tumors in Companion Animals',The Scientific World Journalhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/718520. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Until now, however, host immunoreactivity against the xenogeneic graft has been a major drawback for the use of porcine islets.
Tova Neufeld, Barbara Ludwig, Uriel Barkai, Gordon C. Weir, Clark K. Colton, YoavEvron, Maria Balyura, Karina Yavriyants, Baruch Zimermann, Dmitri Azarov, Shiri Maimon,Noa Shabtay, Tania Rozenshtein, Dana Lorber, Anja Steffen, Udi Willenz, KonstantineBloch, Pnina Vardi, Ran Taube, Paul de Vos, Eli C. Lewis, Stefan R. Bornstein, AviRotem 2013, 'The Efficacy of an Immunoisolating Membrane System for Islet Xenotransplantation inMinipigs', PLoS ONE10.1371/journal.pone.0070150. Retrieved from PLOS CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Advances in animal transgenesis may allow using xenogeneic chondrocytes in tissue-engineeringapplications for clinical cartilage repair.
R Sommaggio, D Bello-Gil, M Pérez-Cruz, JL Brokaw, R Máñez, C Costa 2015, 'Genetic engineering strategies to prevent the effects of antibody and complement onxenogeneic chondrocytes', European Cells & Materialshttp://www.ecmjournal.org/papers/vol030/pdf/v030a18.pdf. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Hearts of xenogeneic recipients were evaluated for the expression of human cardiomyocyte genes by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction.
Mitsuhiro Fukata, Fumihiko Ishikawa, Yuho Najima, Takuji Yamauchi, Yoriko Saito, KatsutoTakenaka, Kohta Miyawaki, Hideki Shimazu, Kazuya Shimoda, Takaaki Kanemaru, Kei-IchiroNakamura, Keita Odashiro, Koji Nagafuji, Mine Harada, Koichi Akashi 2013, 'Contribution of bone marrow-derived hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells to the generationof donor-marker⁺ cardiomyocytes in vivo.', PLoS ONEhttp://europepmc.org/articles/PMC3647070?pdf=render. Retrieved from PLOS CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
These findings support the application of xenogeneic acellular conjunctiva matrix as a scaffold for reconstructing the ocular surface.
Haifeng Zhao, Mingli Qu, Yao Wang, Zhenyu Wang, Weiyun Shi 2014, 'Xenogeneic acellular conjunctiva matrix as a scaffold of tissue-engineered cornealepithelium.', PLoS ONEhttp://europepmc.org/articles/PMC4222936?pdf=render. Retrieved from PLOS CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
New xenogeneic acellular heart valve substitutes that can be repopulated by host cells are currently under investigation.
Monica Dettin, Annj Zamuner, Filippo Naso, Antonella Monteleone, Michele Spina, GinoGerosa 2017, 'Natural Scaffolds for Regenerative Medicine: Direct Determination of Detergents Entrappedin Decellularized Heart Valves', BioMed Research Internationalhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/9274135. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
In conclusion, our study identifies genetic-engineering approaches to prevent humoral rejection of xenogeneic chondrocytes for use in cartilage repair.
R Sommaggio, D Bello-Gil, M Pérez-Cruz, JL Brokaw, R Máñez, C Costa 2015, 'Genetic engineering strategies to prevent the effects of antibody and complement onxenogeneic chondrocytes', European Cells & Materialshttp://www.ecmjournal.org/papers/vol030/pdf/v030a18.pdf. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
In this context, the use of xenogeneic tissues represents a promising perspective to obtain decellularized tendon grafts.
Daniele D’Arrigo, Marta Bottagisio, Silvia Lopa, Matteo Moretti, Arianna B. Lovati 2017, 'Tissue engineering approaches to develop decellularized tendon matrices functionalizedwith progenitor cells cultured under undifferentiated and tenogenic conditions', AIMS Bioengineeringhttp://www.aimspress.com/Bioengineering/article/1717/fulltext.html. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)