However, the specific impact of carnivory on human evolution, life history and development remains controversial.
Elia Psouni, Axel Janke, Martin Garwicz 2012, 'Impact of Carnivory on Human Development and Evolution Revealed by a New UnifyingModel of Weaning in Mammals', PLoS ONE10.1371/journal.pone.0032452. Retrieved from PLOS CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
This combination of carnivory and myrmecotrophy represents an outstanding strategy of nutrient sequestration.
Vincent Bazile, Jonathan A Moran, Gilles Le Moguédec, David J Marshall, Laurence Gaume 2012, 'A carnivorous plant fed by its ant symbiont: a unique multi-faceted nutritional mutualism.',PLoS ONEhttp://europepmc.org/articles/PMC3348942?pdf=render. Retrieved from PLOS CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Botanical carnivory has evolved independently in five angiosperm orders.
Devendra K. Biswal, Manish Debnath, Ruchishree Konhar, Sureni Yanthan, Pramod Tandon,Pramod Tandon 2018, 'Phylogeny and Biogeography of Carnivorous Plant Family Nepenthaceae With Referenceto the Indian Pitcher Plant Nepenthes Khasiana Reveals an Indian Subcontinent Originof Nepenthes Colonization in South East Asia During the Miocene Epoch', Frontiers in Ecology and Evolutionhttps://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fevo.2018.00108/full. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
These features are discussed in light of the knowledge of other streptaxids and adaptations to carnivory.
Luiz Ricardo L. Simone 2013, 'Anatomy of predator snail Huttonella bicolor, an invasive species in Amazon rainforest,Brazil (Pulmonata, Streptaxidae)', Papéis Avulsos de Zoologiahttp://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0031-10492013000300001&lng=en&tlng=en. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Carnivory in pitcher plants generally involves digestion of prey, by the plant itself, by symbionts, or both.
Carl S Luciano, Sandra J Newell 2017, 'Effects of prey, pitcher age, and microbes on acid phosphatase activity in fluid frompitchers of Sarracenia purpurea (Sarraceniaceae).', PLoS ONEhttp://europepmc.org/articles/PMC5515422?pdf=render. Retrieved from PLOS CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
This pattern (i.e., old origin and more recent diversification) suggests a scenario of replacement in carnivory among polyneopterous insects.
Frédéric Legendre, André Nel, Gavin J. Svenson, Tony Robillard, Roseli Pellens, PhilippeGrandcolas 2015, 'Phylogeny of Dictyoptera: Dating the Origin of Cockroaches, Praying Mantises and Termiteswith Molecular Data and Controlled Fossil Evidence', PLOS ONE10.1371/journal.pone.0130127. Retrieved from PLOS CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)