Loading initiated before chondrogenesis decreased functional maturation, although chondrogenic gene expression increased.
AH Huang, MJ Farrell, M Kim, RL Mauck 2010, 'Long-term dynamic loading improves the mechanical properties of chondrogenic mesenchymalstem cell-laden hydrogel', European Cells & Materialshttp://www.ecmjournal.org/journal/papers/vol019/pdf/v019a08.pdf. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Higher cell density impacted biosynthesis favorably, and the number of aggregates positively influenced chondrogenesis.
BanuPriya Sridharan, Staphany M Lin, Alexander T Hwu, Amy D Laflin, Michael S Detamore 2015, 'Stem Cells in Aggregate Form to Enhance Chondrogenesis in Hydrogels.', PLoS ONEhttp://europepmc.org/articles/PMC4697858?pdf=render. Retrieved from PLOS CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
However, a genome-wide overview of the gene regulatory network in chondrogenesis has not been achieved.
Bing Li, Karthika Balasubramanian, Deborah Krakow, Daniel H. Cohn 2017, 'Genes uniquely expressed in human growth plate chondrocytes uncover a distinct regulatorynetwork', BMC Genomicshttp://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12864-017-4378-y. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Trilineage differentiation including osteogenesis, adipogenesis, and chondrogenesis was performed by addition of relevant induction mediums.
Liangliang Xu, Yamei Liu, Yuxin Sun, Bin Wang, Yunpu Xiong, Weiping Lin, Qiushi Wei,Haibin Wang, Wei He, Bin Wang, Gang Li 2017, 'Tissue source determines the differentiation potentials of mesenchymal stem cells:a comparative study of human mesenchymal stem cells from bone marrow and adipose tissue',Stem Cell Research & Therapyhttp://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s13287-017-0716-x. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
This simple modification considerably enhances the practicality of this cell line for studies of chondrogenesis.
F M Altaf, T M Hering, N H Kazmi, J U Yoo, B Johnstone 2006, 'Ascorbate-enhanced chondrogenesis of ATDC5 cells', European Cells & Materialshttp://www.ecmjournal.org/journal/papers/vol012/pdf/v012a08.pdf. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Also, in vitro chondrogenesis was strongly enhanced.
Nao Tomita, Takako Hattori, Shinsuke Itoh, Eriko Aoyama, Mayumi Yao, Takashi Yamashiro,Masaharu Takigawa 2013, 'Cartilage-specific over-expression of CCN family member 2/connective tissue growthfactor (CCN2/CTGF) stimulates insulin-like growth factor expression and bone growth.',PLoS ONEhttp://europepmc.org/articles/PMC3610707?pdf=render. Retrieved from PLOS CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
In this study, human mesenchymal stem cells and chondrogenesis were investigated as representative examples.
Roland Fuhrer, Sandra Hofmann, Nora Hild, Jolanda R Vetsch, Inge K Herrmann, RobertN Grass, Wendelin J Stark 2013, 'Pressureless mechanical induction of stem cell differentiation is dose and frequencydependent.', PLoS ONEhttp://europepmc.org/articles/PMC3836961?pdf=render. Retrieved from PLOS CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Upon induced differentiation they showed typical osteogenesis, chondrogenesis, and adipogenesis potential.
Chen Liu, Qianping Guo, Jun Li, Shenghao Wang, Yibin Wang, Bin Li, Huilin Yang 2014, 'Identification of Rabbit Annulus Fibrosus-Derived Stem Cells', PLoS ONE10.1371/journal.pone.0108239. Retrieved from PLOS CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Recently hypoxia has been indicated as crucial for complete chondrogenesis.
Claudia Cicione, Emma Muiños-López, Tamara Hermida-Gómez, Isaac Fuentes-Boquete, SilviaDíaz-Prado, Francisco J. Blanco 2013, 'Effects of Severe Hypoxia on Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells Differentiation Potential',Stem Cells Internationalhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/232896. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)