Excellent tetravalent seroconversion was seen, yet the protective efficacy against infection was surprisingly low.
Jacky Flipse, Jolanda M Smit 2015, 'The Complexity of a Dengue Vaccine: A Review of the Human Antibody Response.', PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseaseshttp://europepmc.org/articles/PMC4465930?pdf=render. Retrieved from PLOS CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
The effect of substitution was further demonstrated using other serotypes and a tetravalent formulation.
Atsushi Yamanaka, Eiji Konishi 2019, 'Key Amino Acid Substitution for Infection-Enhancing Activity-Free Designer DengueVaccines', iSciencehttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S258900421930046X. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
The divalent complexes were found to be more reactive than their tetravalent counterparts.
Qiaoyu Hu, Vindi M. Jayasinghe-Arachchige, Joshua Zuchniarz, Rajeev Prabhakar 2019, 'Effects of the Metal Ion on the Mechanism of Phosphodiester Hydrolysis Catalyzed byMetal-Cyclen Complexes', Frontiers in Chemistryhttps://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fchem.2019.00195/full. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
For this reason, a tetravalent vaccine may likely be needed.
Francisco J. López Antuñano, Javier Mota 2000, 'Desarrollo de agentes inmunizantes contra el dengue Development of immunizing agentsagainst dengue', Revista Panamericana de Salud Públicahttp://www.scielosp.org/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1020-49892000000500001. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
A concise synthetic route from methylmalonate to a tetravalent aliphatic scaffold has been developed.
Clara Uriel, Rebeca Sola-Llano, Jorge Bañuelos, Ana M. Gomez, J. Cristobal Lopez 2019, 'A Malonyl-Based Scaffold for Conjugatable Multivalent Carbohydrate-BODIPY Presentations',Moleculeshttps://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/24/11/2050. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Thorium was considered as a chemical analogue of other tetravalent actinides.
Lei Chen, Xianjin Yu, Zengdian Zhao, Yunhui Dong 2006, 'The Sorption of Th(IV) Ions onto Montmorillonite: The Effect of pH, Ionic Strengthand Fulvic Acid', Adsorption Science & Technologyhttps://doi.org/10.1260/026361706779319616. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Also, the specimens with tetravalent nano-sized oxides have higher hydration resistance than the specimens with trivalent nano-sized oxides.
Bijan Farshad, Ebrahim Karamian 2017, 'A comparative study of the influence of trivalent and tetravalent nano-sized oxideson the performance and microstructure of dolomite refractories', Boletín de la Sociedad Española de Cerámica y Vidriohttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0366317517300432. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
The combined in silico and in vitro approach should facilitate rational design of new tetravalent antifungal peptides.
Rajamani Lakshminarayanan, Shouping Liu, Jianguo Li, Muruganantham Nandhakumar, ThetTun Aung, Eunice Goh, Jamie Ya Ting Chang, Padhmanaban Saraswathi, Charles Tang, SitiRadiah Binte Safie, Lim Yih Lin, Howard Riezman, Zhou Lei, Chandra S. Verma, RogerW. Beuerman 2014, 'Synthetic Multivalent Antifungal Peptides Effective against Fungi', PLoS ONE10.1371/journal.pone.0087730. Retrieved from PLOS CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
The meiotic tetravalent might be due to minute reciprocal translocations or to non-chiasmatic ectopic pairing between terminal repetitive sequences.
Gruber Simone, Zina Juliana, Narimatsu Hideki, Haddad Célio Fernando, Kasahara Sanae 2012, 'Comparative karyotype analysis and chromosome evolution in the genus Aplastodiscus(Cophomantini, Hylinae, Hylidae)', BMC Geneticshttp://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2156/13/28. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)