The mechanisms for the loss of ciliated cells are not well understood.
Monica Valencia-Gattas, Gregory E. Conner, Nevis L. Fregien 2016, 'Gefitinib, an EGFR Tyrosine Kinase inhibitor, Prevents Smoke-Mediated Ciliated AirwayEpithelial Cell Loss and Promotes Their Recovery', PLOS ONE10.1371/journal.pone.0160216. Retrieved from PLOS CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
The density of ciliated cells decreased while the density of goblet cells increased during development.
Yi Li, Huizhan Liu, Jun Li, Qian Zhang, Shusheng Gong, David He 2014, 'Morphology and Ciliary Motion of Mucosa in the Eustachian Tube of Neonatal and AdultGerbils', PLoS ONE10.1371/journal.pone.0099840. Retrieved from PLOS CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
In addition, the planar architecture of the entire ciliated respiratory epithelium was irregularly distorted.
Manfred Fliegauf, Andreas F.-P. Sonnen, Bernhard Kremer, Philipp Henneke 2013, 'Mucociliary Clearance Defects in a Murine In Vitro Model of Pneumococcal Airway Infection',PLoS ONE10.1371/journal.pone.0059925. Retrieved from PLOS CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Ciliated cells were diminished in low and high transporters.
Carmen Retana, Elsa I. Sanchez, Sirenia Gonzalez, Alejandro Perez-Lopez, Armando Cruz,Jesus Lagunas-Munoz, Carmen Alfaro-Cruz, Socorro Vital-Flores, José L. Reyes 2013, 'Retinoic Acid Improves Morphology of Cultured Peritoneal Mesothelial Cells from PatientsUndergoing Dialysis', PLoS ONE10.1371/journal.pone.0079678. Retrieved from PLOS CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Also, immunofluorescence analysis revealed the presence of ciliated, mucus-secreting and basal cells and tight junctions.
Aline Schögler, Fabian Blank, Melanie Brügger, Seraina Beyeler, Stefan A. Tschanz,Nicolas Regamey, Carmen Casaulta, Thomas Geiser, Marco P. Alves 2017, 'Characterization of pediatric cystic fibrosis airway epithelial cell cultures at theair-liquid interface obtained by non-invasive nasal cytology brush sampling', Respiratory Researchhttp://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12931-017-0706-7. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
After 3 hours of exposure, the number of motile ciliated cells significantly decreased.
Bailey Kristina L, LeVan Tricia D, Yanov Daniel A, Pavlik Jaqueline A, DeVasure JaneM, Sisson Joseph H, Wyatt Todd A 2012, 'Non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae decreases cilia beating via protein kinaseC epsilon', Respiratory Researchhttp://respiratory-research.com/content/13/1/49. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Ciliated protozoa were identified to genus and/or species level and enumerated.
J. ELLOUMI, Z. DRIRA, A. HAMZA, H. AYADI 2014, 'Space-time variation of ciliates related to environmental factors in 15 nearshorestations of the Gulf of Gabes', Mediterranean Marine Sciencehttps://ejournals.epublishing.ekt.gr/index.php/hcmr-med-mar-sc/article/view/12693. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
The apex of the ciliated non-sensory cells was broad and provided with plenty of kinocilia.
Ghosh S. K., Chakrabarti P. 2016, 'Histological, Topographical and Ultrastructural Organization of Different Cells Liningthe Olfactory Epithelium of Red Piranha, Pygocentrus nattereri (Characiformes, Serrasalmidae)',Vestnik Zoologiihttp://www.degruyter.com/view/j/vzoo.2016.50.issue-5/vzoo-2016-0051/vzoo-2016-0051.xml?format=INT. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
However, no ciliated cells were observed in the surrounding area of the sensory disc.
N. Goodarzi, M. Azarhoosh , G. Akbari 2018, 'Morphological study of dorsal lingual papillae of the green toad (Bufo bufo)', Bulgarian Journal of Veterinary Medicinehttp://tru.uni-sz.bg/bjvm/BJVM%20June%202018%20p.224-231.pdf. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Ciliated protists often form symbioses with many diverse microorganisms.
Olivia Lanzoni, Sergei I Fokin, Natalia Lebedeva, Alexandra Migunova, Giulio Petroni,Alexey Potekhin 2016, 'Rare Freshwater Ciliate Paramecium chlorelligerum Kahl, 1935 and Its MacronuclearSymbiotic Bacterium "Candidatus Holospora parva".', PLoS ONEhttp://europepmc.org/articles/PMC5161471?pdf=render. Retrieved from PLOS CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)