Henri (ɑ̃ri), known as le Douanier. 1844–1910, French painter, who created bold dreamlike pictures, often of exotic landscapes in a naive style. Among his works are Sleeping Gypsy (1897) and Jungle with a Lion (1904–06). He also worked as a customs official

Jean Jacques (ʒɑ̃ ʒak). 1712–78, French philosopher and writer, born in Switzerland, who strongly influenced the theories of the French Revolution and the romantics. Many of his ideas spring from his belief in the natural goodness of humankind, whom he felt was warped by society. His works include Du contrat social (1762), Émile (1762), and his Confessions (1782)

Théodore (teɔdɔr). 1812–67, French landscape painter: leader of the Barbizon school