kumbaya

Note: The early documentation of the spiritual is recounted in "The World's First 'Kumbaya Moment': New Evidence about an Old Song," by Stephen Winick of the American Folklife Center of the Library of Congress (Folklife Center News, vol. 32, nos. 3-4, summer/fall, 2010, pp. 3-10). The title and refrain are rendered "Come by Here" in a transcription of a version of the song without music made in 1926, though when the spiritual became popular in the 1950's the title was rendered "Kum Ba Yah" or "Kumbaya," which went along with a tradition that it had an African connection. The earliest aural evidence is \\kəm bī ˈyä\\ [kʌm baj ˈja:], on a wax cylinder recording collected in Georgia in 1926 by Robert W. Gordon, now at the American Folklife Center. Whatever the precise origins of the spiritual, it is not implausible that the phrase come by here/kumbaya was originally taken from a Gullah speaker, or someone in contact with Gullah, as has been claimed according to Winick. The final syllable ya means "here" in Gullah; compare [kʌm owə yʌ tᴜ mi] "come over here to me" in the transcription of Lorenzo Dow Turner (Africanisms in the Gullah Dialect, University of Chicago Press, 1949, pp. 272-73) and come'yuh "come here" (Ambrose E. Gonzales, Gullah Stories of the Carolina Coast, The State Company, Columbia, SC, 1922, p. 147). The word ya is etymologized as "S[tandard] E[nglish] pronunc[iation] [hɪə] with loss of /h-/ and vowel opening" in Richard Allsopp, Dictionary of Caribbean English Usage (Oxford University Press, 1996). Compare also the entries for ya in F. G. Cassidy and R. B. Le Page, Dictionary of Jamaican English, 2nd edition (Cambridge University Press, 1980); and in C. N. Fyle and E. D. Jones, A Krio-English Dictionary (Oxford University Press, 1980).