Ohlone

Note: The name Ohlone is probably first documented in print by the British naval officer Frederick W. Beechey, who mentions "the Olchone, who inhabit the seacoast between San Francisco and Monterey" (Narrative of a Voyage to the Pacific and Bering's Strait, Part II, London, 1831, p. 402); on page 400 he refers to presumably the same people as "Alchones." The next occurrence is apparently in Henry Schoolcraft's Information Respecting the History, Conditions and Prospects of the Indian Tribes of the United States, Part II (Philadelphia, 1852), p. 506, in a note to a vocabulary of the "Costanos - California." The note, under the heading "Costanos," states that "the tribes of Indians upon the Bay of San Francisco, and who were, after its establishment, under the supervision of the mission of Dolores [an alternate name of Misión San Francisco de Assís], were five in number: the Ah-wash-tes, Ol-hones, (called, in Spanish, Costanos, or Indians of the Coast), Al-tah-mos, Ro-mo-nans, and Tu-lo-mos." The note and vocabulary, said to have been obtained "from an aged Indian at the mission of Dolores, named Pedro Alcantara," are paired with a vocabulary of the Cushna, said to be living "on the mountains of the South [Fork of the] Yuba [River]." The Cushna vocabulary is attributed in Schoolcraft's Information, below the heading "Cushna (Sacramento R.)" at the head of the list, to "Johnson, U.S. Agt." This individual was Adam Johnston, appointed federal "Indian subagent" on the Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers on April 14, 1849, and dismissed on January 19, 1852 (see W.H. Ellison, "The Federal Indian Policy in California, 1846-1860," Mississippi Valley Historical Review, vol. 9, no. 1, June, 1922, pp. 37-67).

Both the "Costanos" list and the "Cushna" list have been attributed to Johnston by Victor Golla (California Indian Languages, Berkeley, 2011, pp. 164-65) and by Randall Milliken, et al., Ohlone/Costanoan Indians of the San Francisco Peninsula and Their Neighbors, Yesterday and Today (Oakland, 2009), p 23. Johnston's contributions elsewhere in Schoolcraft's Information focus solely on Central Valley peoples ("The California Indians—Their Manners, Customs, and History," part IV, 1854, pp. 221-26; "Languages of California," ibid., pp. 406-15; "Indian Tribes, or Bands, of the Sacramento Valley, California," part VI, 1857, p. 710), so his authorship of the "Costanos" vocabulary, which is not directly attributed to him, might be questioned. However, a letter of September 16, 1850, from Johnston to Orlando Brown, the Commissioner of Indian Affairs (online at the Los Angeles County Library Digital Collections) mentions his "interview with a very aged Indian near the mission of Dolores" (presumably carried out with a Spanish interpreter) who was most likely Pedro Alcantara. The spelling Ohlone was introduced in an article in the California Farmer newspaper (vol. 15, no. 14, May 31, 1861, p. 106) by Alexander S. Taylor, either as a miscopying of Olhone from Schoolcraft or as a typesetting error. Milliken, et al., document the further use of the word in detail (pp. 42-46). Interestingly, Taylor included the name Oljon in a list of native "rancherias" (indigenous villages) recorded in the baptismal registry of the Dolores mission (California Farmer, vol. 16, no. 6, October 18, 1861, p. 36). The name Olhonean was used by the ethnographer C. Hart Merriam as an alternative to Costanoan in reference to the language family.