| 释义 |
by
adverb, preposition UK /baɪ/ By can be used in the following ways: as a preposition (followed by a noun): The building was destroyed by fire. as an adverb (without a following noun): As time went by, things improved. 1 used for saying who or what does something 1a used, especially with passive verbs, for showing who does something or what causes somethingInjured refugees were treated by a Red Cross doctor. The abbey was founded by Henry II in 1170. Children are fascinated by the idea of magic. a rebellion by separatist guerrilla forces damage caused by the storm 1b used for saying who wrote a book or a piece of music, who painted a picture etcmural paintings by Diego Rivera
2 used for saying how something is done 2a using a particular method to achieve somethingReading is taught by traditional methods here. The palace balcony is shielded by bulletproof glass. Every bit of lace is made by hand (=not using a machine). by doing something: By using the Internet you can do your shopping from home. by post/phone/fax etc: They exchanged New Year’s greetings by email. 2b using a particular method of transportby car/train/bus/air etc: Sophie’s parents arrived by taxi. Synonyms and related words
Booking on and travelling by transport 2c using a particular road, path, door etcWe returned home by a different route. She went in by the side entrance. 2d using a particular name or titleStaff generally address each other by their first name. The UN refugee agency is known by its initials UNHCR. Synonyms and related words
Relating to names and the process of naming after assignment better known as 2e used for saying how you start or finish somethingI’m going to start off by explaining the purpose of our campaign.
3a not later than a particular time or dateThe meeting should have finished by 4.30. Application forms must be received by 31st March. Synonyms and related words
General words referring to time 3b during the period until a particular time or dateBy mid afternoon over 5,000 people had visited the exhibition. by the time (that): By the time Charlotte was 15, she had already achieved worldwide fame. Synonyms and related words
During a particular period of time
4 used when saying that something happens in a way that was not planned or intendedTake care that you don’t shoot one of us by mistake. By a stroke of luck I found the perfect title for my new book. 5 used for saying that time passes, or how it passesAs time went by, people’s attitudes changed. Synonyms and related words
General words referring to time 6 used for showing how much something has changed, or how much difference there is between thingsHouse prices rose by an average 23% last year. Owen broke the world record by 2.4 seconds. 7 used for saying that someone or something goes past youShe walked right by me without saying a word. There were angry shouts from the crowd as the president’s motorcade drove by. 8 beside or close to someone or somethingShe was sitting over there by the window. There’s an ashtray just by your elbow. Synonyms and related words
Next to, near to and not far away 9 according to rules or lawsCasinos are forbidden by law to contribute to political campaigns. In the police force we have to do everything by the rulebook. Synonyms and related words 10 used for showing that something is judged according to certain standards of behaviour, quality etcIt’s no use trying to judge 18th-century morality by modern standards. Her performance was amazing by any standard. Synonyms and related words
Words used to describe standards 11 used for saying that someone stops somewhere for a short time, especially while going to another placedrop/stop/come by: Why don’t you stop by on your way home from work? Peggy dropped by the office this afternoon. Synonyms and related words
Function words referring to location 12 used for saying which part of a person’s body or thing you take in your hand when you hold themTaking me by the arm, she led me into the next room. Always pick up a CD by the outer edge to avoid damaging the surface. 13 used for referring to someone’s character, job, origin, name etcby nature/profession/birth/name etc: She was, by nature, a cheerful and friendly sort of person. An American by birth, Cassidy had spent much of his life in Bolivia. 14 used in calculations and measurementsmaths 14a used for saying what units of measurement are usedFloor coverings are priced by the square metre. Industrial workers are generally paid by the hour. 14b used for giving the size of an area, object, or space by stating its length, width, height etcThe house has a spacious dining room, measuring 18 feet by 15. We are able to offer our readers a fabulous 70 by 50 cm souvenir poster. Synonyms and related words
General words used to describe size
15 used for showing a gradual process 15a used when saying that something happens or changes graduallyThe company grew by degrees until it controlled over 20% of the telecommunications market. little by little/bit by bit: Little by little Philip got used to life on the farm. day by day/week by week etc: His medical condition is continuing to improve day by day. 15b used when things or people do something or are dealt with one after the otherone by one/stage by stage: One by one the men came forward to receive their medals. item by item: The finance committee checks through each document, item by item.
(all) by yourself/itself/himself etc by and by by and large by the by by God/gum/Jove etc by night/day by the way divide/multiply by have a child/baby/son/daughter by someone by
adverb, preposition US /baɪ/ By can be used in the following ways: as a preposition (followed by a noun): The building was destroyed by fire. as an adverb (without a following noun): As time went by, things improved. 1 used for saying who or what does something 1a used, especially with passive verbs, for showing who does something or what causes somethingInjured refugees were treated by a Red Cross doctor. Hull House was founded by Jane Addams in 1889. Children are fascinated by the idea of magic. The fabric had been faded by the sun. a rebellion by separatist guerrilla forces 1b used for saying who wrote a book or a piece of music, who painted a picture, etc.mural paintings by Diego Rivera
2 used for saying how something is done 2a using a particular method to achieve somethingReading is taught by traditional methods here. The palace balcony is shielded by bulletproof glass. Every bit of lace is made by hand (=not using a machine). by doing something: By using the Internet you can do your shopping from home. by mail/phone/fax etc.: They exchanged New Year’s greetings by e-mail. We’ll send you the tickets by mail. 2b using a particular method of transportationby car/train/bus/air etc.: Sophie’s parents arrived by taxi. Synonyms and related words
Booking on and traveling by transport 2c using a particular road, path, door, etc.We returned home by a different route. She went in by the side entrance. 2d using a particular name or titleStaff members generally address each other by their first name. The U.N. refugee agency is known by its initials UNHCR. Synonyms and related words
Relating to names and the process of naming after assignment better known as 2e used for saying how you start or finish somethingI’m going to start off by explaining the purpose of our campaign.
3a not later than a particular time or dateThe meeting should have finished by 4:30. Application forms must be received by March 31st. Synonyms and related words
General words referring to time 3b during the period until a particular time or dateBy mid afternoon over 5,000 people had visited the exhibition. by the time (that): By the time Charlotte was 15, she had already achieved worldwide fame. Synonyms and related words
During a particular period of time
4 used when saying that something happens in a way that was not planned or intendedTake care that you don’t shoot one of us by mistake. By a stroke of luck I found the perfect title for my new book. 5 used for saying that time passes, or how it passesAs time went by, people’s attitudes changed. I find that Friday afternoons just drag by (=go very slowly). Synonyms and related words
General words referring to time 6 used for showing how much something has changed, or how much difference there is between thingsHouse prices rose by an average 23% last year. Owen broke the world record by 2.4 seconds. 7 used for saying that someone or something goes past youShe walked right by me without saying a word. There were angry shouts from the crowd as the president’s motorcade drove by. 8 beside or close to someone or somethingShe was sitting over there by the window. There’s an ashtray just by your elbow. Synonyms and related words
Next to, near to and not far away 9 according to rules or lawsCasinos are forbidden by law to contribute to political campaigns. In the police force we have to do everything by the rulebook. Synonyms and related words 10 used for showing that something is judged according to certain standards of behavior, quality, etc.It’s no use trying to judge 18th-century morality by modern standards. Her performance was amazing by any standard. Synonyms and related words
Words used to describe standards 11 used for saying that someone stops somewhere for a short time, especially while going to another placedrop/stop/come by: Why don’t you stop by on your way home from work? Peggy dropped by the office this afternoon. Synonyms and related words
Function words referring to location 12 used for saying which part of a person’s body or thing you take in your hand when you hold themTaking me by the arm, she led me into the next room. Always pick up a CD by the outer edge to avoid damaging the surface. 13 used for referring to someone’s personality, job, origin, name, etc.by nature/profession/birth/name etc.: She was, by nature, a cheerful and friendly sort of person. An American by birth, Cassidy had spent much of his life in Bolivia. 14 used in calculations and measurementsmaths 14a used for saying what units of measurement are usedFloor coverings are priced by the square foot. Industrial workers are generally paid by the hour. 14b used for giving the size of an area, object, or space by stating its length, width, height, etc.The house has a spacious dining room, measuring 18 by 15 feet. I usually get 4 by 6 inch prints of my pictures. Synonyms and related words
General words used to describe size
15 used for showing a gradual process 15a used when saying that something happens or changes graduallylittle by little/bit by bit: Little by little Philip got used to life on the farm. day by day/week by week etc.: His medical condition is continuing to improve day by day. 15b used when things or people do something or are dealt with one after the otherone by one/stage by stage: One by one the men came forward to receive their medals. item by item: The finance committee checks through each document, item by item.
(all) by yourself/itself/himself etc. by and by by and large by the by by God/gum/Jove etc. by night/day by the way divide/multiply by have a child/baby/son/daughter by someone |