释义 |
humor
hu·mor H0322900 (hyo͞o′mər)n.1. The quality that makes something laughable or amusing; funniness: could not see the humor of the situation.2. That which is intended to induce laughter or amusement: a writer skilled at crafting humor.3. The ability to perceive, enjoy, or express what is amusing, comical, incongruous, or absurd: "Man's sense of humor seems to be in inverse proportion to the gravity of his profession" (Mary Roberts Rinehart).4. One of the four fluids of the body, blood, phlegm, choler, and black bile, whose relative proportions were thought in ancient and medieval physiology to determine a person's disposition and general health.5. Physiology a. A body fluid, such as blood, lymph, or bile.b. Aqueous humor.c. Vitreous humor.6. A person's characteristic disposition or temperament: a boy of sullen humor.7. An often temporary state of mind; a mood: I'm in no humor to argue.8. a. A sudden, unanticipated inclination; a whim.b. Capricious or peculiar behavior.tr.v. hu·mored, hu·mor·ing, hu·mors 1. To comply with the wishes or ideas of (another) in order to keep that person satisfied or unaware of criticism; indulge: "When she was convinced a man was giving her the eye, we humored her and agreed" (Jhumpa Lahiri).2. To adapt or accommodate oneself to: humored his uncle's peculiarities. See Synonyms at pamper.Idiom: out of humor In a bad mood; irritable. [Middle English, fluid, from Old French umor, from Latin ūmor, hūmor.]Word History: Physicians in ancient and medieval times thought that the human body contained a mixture of four fluids and that a person's health and temperament depended upon the relative proportions of these fluids within the body. In Middle English, these fluids were called humours, ultimately from the Latin word hūmor, "fluid." (Latin hūmor, also found in the variant form ūmor, contains the same root found in the Latin adjective hūmidus, "moist," whence English humid.) Each of the four humors, namely blood, phlegm, black bile, and yellow bile, or sanguis, phlegma, melancholia, and choler in Latin, were defined as warm or cold and moist or dry and associated with one of the four elements, and a superfluity of any one humor was thought to produce a characteristic disposition. Blood, the warm, moist humor associated with the element fire, caused a ruddy complexion and a sanguine disposition, marked by courage, hope, and a readiness to fall in love. Phlegm, the cold, moist humor associated with water, made one phlegmatic, or calm, sluggish, and unemotional. Black bile, the cold, dry humor associated with earth, caused depression, or melancholy. Yellow bile, the warm, dry humor associated with the air, made one choleric, or easily angered. By the late 1500s, the word humour had become synonymous with temperament and was used especially to refer to one's temperament when dominated by one of the four humors. As an extension of this sense, humour came to indicate changing moods or states of mind, particularly whimsical and capricious fancies that, when revealed in action, provide amusement to others. In the 1600s, humour (now spelled humor in the United States) at last came to mean the quality that makes something amusing or laughable, as well as the ability to amuse others and to appreciate those things that are amusing—that is, a sense of humor.hu•mor (ˈhyu mər; often ˈyu-) n. 1. a comic, absurd, or incongruous quality causing amusement. 2. the faculty of perceiving and expressing or appreciating what is amusing or comical: a writer with humor and zest. 3. an instance of being or attempting to be comical or amusing; something humorous. 4. comical writing or talk in general; comical books, skits, plays, etc. 5. mental disposition or temperament. 6. a temporary mood or frame of mind: in a sulky humor today. 7. a capricious or freakish inclination; whim or caprice; odd trait. 8. any animal or plant fluid, esp. one of the body fluids once regarded as determining a person's constitution: blood, phlegm, black bile, or yellow bile. v.t. 9. to comply with the humor or mood of in order to soothe, cheer up, etc.: to humor a child. 10. to adapt or accommodate oneself to: I'll humor your whim for now. Idioms: out of humor, dissatisfied; cross. Also, esp. Brit., humour. [1300–50; Middle English (h)umour < Anglo-French < Latin (h)ūmor moisture, bodily fluid =(h)ūm(ēre) to be wet (compare humid) + -ōr- -or1] hu′mor•less, adj. hu′mor•less•ly, adv. hu′mor•less•ness, n. syn: humor, wit refer to an ability to perceive and express a sense of the clever or amusing. humor consists principally in the recognition and expression of incongruities or peculiarities present in a situation or character. It is frequently used to illustrate some fundamental absurdity in human nature or conduct, and is generally thought of as a kindly trait: a genial and mellow type of humor. wit is a purely intellectual, often spontaneous, manifestation of cleverness and quickness in discovering analogies between things really unlike, and expressing them in brief, diverting, and often sharp observations: biting wit. hu·mor (hyo͞o′mər) One of the four fluids of the body—blood, phlegm, black bile, and yellow bile—whose relative proportions were thought in ancient and medieval medicine to determine general health and character.Word History Doctors in ancient times and in the Middle Ages thought the human body contained a mixture of four substances, called humors, that determined a person's health and character. The humors were fluids (humor means "fluid" in Latin), namely blood, phlegm, black bile, and yellow bile. Illnesses were thought to be caused by an imbalance in the humors, as were defects in personality. Too much black bile, for example, was thought to make one gloomy, and too much yellow bile was thought to make one short-tempered. Modern English has words referring to these moods that come from the Greek words for the relevant humors. We call a gloomy person melancholic, from the Greek term for "black bile," and we call a short-tempered person choleric, from the Greek word for "yellow bile." Our word humorous, in fact, originally meant "having changeable moods due to the influence of different humors."HumorSee also laughter; punning Atticisma concise witticism or well-turned phrase. — Atticist, n.buffoonism1. a tendency to amuse others by tricks, jokes, unusual gestures, and strange gestures. 2. a tendency toward coarse joking. Also buffoonery. — buffoon, n. — buffoonish, adj.facetiae1. amusing or witty writings and remarks. 2. coarsely witty stories or books. — facetious, adj.jocosity1. the habit of joking or jesting. 2. a joke or a jest. 3. the state or quality of humorousness or playfulness. — jocose, adj.mordancy, mordacitythe condition or quality of being biting or caustic, as humor, speech, etc. See also speech. — mordant, adj.nugaetrifles or trivia, especially light verses or sayings.Pantagruelismthe habit of dealing with serious matters in a spirit of good and sometimes cynical good humor. [Allusion to Rabelais’ satirical novels Gargantua (1534) and Pantagruel (1532), especially to the behavior of Pantagruel, Gargantua’s huge son.] — Pantagruelian, adj.pianologuea humorous performance at the piano, sometimes with a verbal accompaniment by the performer.Rabelaisian1. a person who imitates or is an enthusiast for the works of Francois Rabelais. 2. a person given to coarse, satirical humor, like that of Rabelais. — Rabelaisian, adj.Rabelaismthe personality or character of Rabelais, as in the use of coarse, satirical humor. Also Rabelaisianism.reparteeista person skilled in the exchange of witticisms.ribaldrycoarse, vulgar, or obscene language or joking. — ribald, adj.satirist1. a writer of satire. 2. a person who uses satire or makes satirical comments.Humor See Also: CLEVERNESS, LAUGHTER - Funny as a crutch —American colloquialism
This typifies the ironic simile that says one thing while it means quite the opposite. A variation that takes the irony an extra step: “Funny as a rubber crutch.” - Funny as a dirty joke at a funeral —William Mcllvanney
- Funny as your own funeral —Anon
- Good jests bite like lambs, not like dogs —Thomas Fuller
- Humor … like good cheese, mellowed and ripened by age —Dorothy Canfield Fisher
- Humor, like history … repeats itself like a Gila monster —Harold Adams
- Jokes that weren’t proper and which therefore went through me like an electric shock, both pleasant and intolerable —Thomas Keneally
- Like clothes for the needy, they [jokes] were worn, shabby and used —Henry Van Dyke
- Sarcasm should not be like a saw, but a sword; it should cut, and not mangle —Lord Francis Jeffrey
- A sarcastic wit is a kind of human pole-cat —Josh Billings
In Billings’ phonetic dialect this reads: “a sarkastic wit iz a kind ov human pole-cat.” - They [poorly told jokes] just lie where they fall, plop, like dropped jellyfish —Herman Wouk
- True sacrcasm is like a swordstick; it appears, at first sight, to be much more innocent than it really is, till, all of a sudden, there leaps something out of it, sharp and deadly and incisive, which makes you tremble and recoil —Sydney Smith
- Wheezing out great lumps of irony like a cat spitting up fur —Wilfrid Sheed
humor Past participle: humored Gerund: humoring
Present |
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I humor | you humor | he/she/it humors | we humor | you humor | they humor |
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I humored | you humored | he/she/it humored | we humored | you humored | they humored |
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I am humoring | you are humoring | he/she/it is humoring | we are humoring | you are humoring | they are humoring |
Present Perfect |
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I have humored | you have humored | he/she/it has humored | we have humored | you have humored | they have humored |
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I was humoring | you were humoring | he/she/it was humoring | we were humoring | you were humoring | they were humoring |
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I had humored | you had humored | he/she/it had humored | we had humored | you had humored | they had humored |
Future |
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I will humor | you will humor | he/she/it will humor | we will humor | you will humor | they will humor |
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I will have humored | you will have humored | he/she/it will have humored | we will have humored | you will have humored | they will have humored |
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I will be humoring | you will be humoring | he/she/it will be humoring | we will be humoring | you will be humoring | they will be humoring |
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I have been humoring | you have been humoring | he/she/it has been humoring | we have been humoring | you have been humoring | they have been humoring |
Future Perfect Continuous |
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I will have been humoring | you will have been humoring | he/she/it will have been humoring | we will have been humoring | you will have been humoring | they will have been humoring |
Past Perfect Continuous |
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I had been humoring | you had been humoring | he/she/it had been humoring | we had been humoring | you had been humoring | they had been humoring |
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I would humor | you would humor | he/she/it would humor | we would humor | you would humor | they would humor |
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I would have humored | you would have humored | he/she/it would have humored | we would have humored | you would have humored | they would have humored | ThesaurusNoun | 1. | humor - a message whose ingenuity or verbal skill or incongruity has the power to evoke laughterwit, witticism, wittiness, humoursubject matter, content, message, substance - what a communication that is about something is aboutjeu d'esprit - a witty comment or writingbon mot, mot - a clever remarkesprit de l'escalier - a witty remark that occurs to you too latepungency, bite - wit having a sharp and caustic quality; "he commented with typical pungency"; "the bite of satire"caustic remark, irony, sarcasm, satire - witty language used to convey insults or scorn; "he used sarcasm to upset his opponent"; "irony is wasted on the stupid"; "Satire is a sort of glass, wherein beholders do generally discover everybody's face but their own"--Jonathan Swiftrepartee - adroitness and cleverness in replygag, jape, jest, joke, laugh - a humorous anecdote or remark intended to provoke laughter; "he told a very funny joke"; "he knows a million gags"; "thanks for the laugh"; "he laughed unpleasantly at his own jest"; "even a schoolboy's jape is supposed to have some ascertainable point"caricature, impersonation, imitation - a representation of a person that is exaggerated for comic effectcartoon, sketch - a humorous or satirical drawing published in a newspaper or magazinefun, sport, play - verbal wit or mockery (often at another's expense but not to be taken seriously); "he became a figure of fun"; "he said it in sport"ribaldry - ribald humortopper - an exceedingly good witticism that surpasses all that have gone beforelibation - (facetious) a serving of an alcoholic beverageroaster - a harsh or humorous critic (sometimes intended as a facetious compliment); "the honoree gave his roasters as good as he got" | | 2. | humor - the trait of appreciating (and being able to express) the humorous; "she didn't appreciate my humor"; "you can't survive in the army without a sense of humor"sense of humor, sense of humour, humourplayfulness, fun - a disposition to find (or make) causes for amusement; "her playfulness surprised me"; "he was fun to be with" | | 3. | humor - a characteristic (habitual or relatively temporary) state of feeling; "whether he praised or cursed me depended on his temper at the time"; "he was in a bad humor"humour, mood, temperfeeling - the experiencing of affective and emotional states; "she had a feeling of euphoria"; "he had terrible feelings of guilt"; "I disliked him and the feeling was mutual"peeve - an annoyed or irritated moodsulk, sulkiness - a mood or display of sullen aloofness or withdrawal; "stayed home in a sulk"amiability, good humor, good humour, good temper - a cheerful and agreeable moodill humor, ill humour, distemper - an angry and disagreeable mood | | 4. | humor - the quality of being funny; "I fail to see the humor in it"humourquality - an essential and distinguishing attribute of something or someone; "the quality of mercy is not strained"--Shakespearecomicality - the quality of being comical | | 5. | humor - (Middle Ages) one of the four fluids in the body whose balance was believed to determine your emotional and physical state; "the humors are blood and phlegm and yellow and black bile"humourbody substance - the substance of the bodyphysiology - the branch of the biological sciences dealing with the functioning of organismsantiquity - the historic period preceding the Middle Ages in EuropeDark Ages, Middle Ages - the period of history between classical antiquity and the Italian Renaissance | | 6. | humor - the liquid parts of the bodybodily fluid, body fluid, liquid body substance, humourbody substance - the substance of the bodyaqueous humor, aqueous humour - the limpid fluid within the eyeball between the cornea and the lensvitreous body, vitreous humor, vitreous humour - the clear colorless transparent jelly that fills the posterior chamber of the eyeballendolymph - the bodily fluid that fills the membranous labyrinth of the inner earperilymph - the bodily fluid that fills the space between the bony labyrinth and the membranous labyrinth of the inner earECF, extracellular fluid - liquid containing proteins and electrolytes including the liquid in blood plasma and interstitial fluid; "the body normally has about 15 quarts of extracellular fluid"intracellular fluid - liquid contained inside the cell membranes (usually containing dissolved solutes)succus, juice - any of several liquids of the body; "digestive juices"karyolymph - a clear liquid in the cell nucleus in which the nucleolus and chromatin and other structures are dispersedmilk - produced by mammary glands of female mammals for feeding their youngamnionic fluid, amniotic fluid, waters - the serous fluid in which the embryo is suspended inside the amnion; "before a woman gives birth her waters break"blood - the fluid (red in vertebrates) that is pumped through the body by the heart and contains plasma, blood cells, and platelets; "blood carries oxygen and nutrients to the tissues and carries away waste products"; "the ancients believed that blood was the seat of the emotions"blood serum, serum - an amber, watery fluid, rich in proteins, that separates out when blood coagulateschyle - a milky fluid consisting of lymph and emulsified fats; formed in the small intestine during digestion of ingested fatslymph - a thin coagulable fluid (similar to plasma but) containing white blood cells (lymphocytes) and chyle; is conveyed to the blood stream by lymphatic vesselscome, cum, ejaculate, semen, seminal fluid, seed - the thick white fluid containing spermatozoa that is ejaculated by the male genital tractink - dark protective fluid ejected into the water by cuttlefish and other cephalopodssecretion - a functionally specialized substance (especially one that is not a waste) released from a gland or cellblack bile, melancholy - a humor that was once believed to be secreted by the kidneys or spleen and to cause sadness and melancholyyellow bile, choler - a humor that was once believed to be secreted by the liver and to cause irritability and angerlochia - substance discharged from the vagina (cellular debris and mucus and blood) that gradually decreases in amount during the weeks following childbirthsanies, suppuration, festering, ichor, purulence, pus - a fluid product of inflammationcerebrospinal fluid, spinal fluid - clear liquid produced in the ventricles of the brain; fills and protects cavities in the brain and spinal cord | Verb | 1. | humor - put into a good moodhumourpander, gratify, indulge - yield (to); give satisfaction to |
humornoun1. The quality of being laughable or comical:comedy, comicality, comicalness, drollery, drollness, farcicality, funniness, humorousness, jocoseness, jocosity, jocularity, ludicrousness, ridiculousness, wit, wittiness, zaniness.2. A person's customary manner of emotional response:complexion, disposition, nature, temper, temperament.3. A temporary state of mind or feeling:frame of mind, mood, spirit (used in plural), temper, vein.4. An impulsive, often illogical turn of mind:bee, boutade, caprice, conceit, fancy, freak, impulse, megrim, notion, vagary, whim, whimsy.Idiom: bee in one's bonnet.verbTo comply with the wishes or ideas of (another):cater, gratify, indulge.Translationshumour (American) humor (ˈhjuːmə) noun1. the ability to amuse people; quickness to spot a joke. He has a great sense of humour. 幽默 幽默2. the quality of being amusing. the humour of the situation. 有趣 诙谐,幽默感 verb to please (someone) by agreeing with him or doing as he wishes. There is no point in telling him he is wrong – just humour him instead. 遷就 迁就ˈhumorist noun a person who writes or tells amusing stories, jokes etc. 幽默作家 幽默作家ˈhumorous adjective funny; amusing. a humorous situation/remark. 幽默風趣的 富于幽默的ˈhumorously adverb 幽默風趣地 幽默地ˈhumorousness noun 幽默風趣 富于幽默-humoured having, or showing, feelings or a personality of a particular sort. a good-humoured person; an ill-humoured remark. 有...脾氣的(如:脾氣好/壞脾氣的人),心情...的 脾气...的(后缀) humour, noun, ends in -our. humorous, adjective, drops the u. humor
locker-room humorEspecially crude, vulgar, or bawdy humor. I'm no prude by any means, but I hate the locker-room humor my boyfriend partakes in when his buddies are around.See also: humorout of humourIn an irritable, grouchy, or unhappy mood; not feeling well or in good spirits. Primarily heard in UK. I think something is bugging John because he's been rather out of humour lately. After living in Gibraltar for so long, these awful London winters leave me feeling me out of humour.See also: humour, of, outbe put out of humourold fashioned To be put in an irritable, grouchy, or unhappy mood; to be made to feel unwell, displeased, or in poor spirits. Primarily heard in UK. I must say, I was put quite out of humor to have been reprimanded like that in front of my colleagues. My wife is always being put out of humour by the cold weather in this part of the country.See also: humour, of, out, putfeel out of humourTo be in an irritable, grouchy, or unhappy mood; to feel unwell, displeased, or in poor spirits. Primarily heard in UK. I think something is bugging John because it seems like he's been feeling rather out of humour lately. I think you should get to bed earlier because you always wake up feeling so out of humour in the morning.See also: feel, humour, of, outbe out of humourTo be in an irritable, grouchy, or unhappy mood; to feel unwell, displeased, or in poor spirits. Primarily heard in UK. I think something is bugging John because he's been rather out of humour lately. I think you should get to bed earlier because you're always so out of humour in the morning.See also: humour, of, output (someone) out of humourold fashioned To put someone in an irritable, grouchy, or unhappy mood; to make someone feel unwell, displeased, or in poor spirits. Primarily heard in UK. Having lived in Gibraltar for most of my life, where the weather remains temperate throughout the year, I must say that these awful London winters put me quite out of humour. It always puts me out of humour to think about the state of our country's political system for too long.See also: humour, of, out, putout of sortsIn an irritable, grouchy, or unhappy mood; not feeling well or in good spirits. I think something is bugging John, because he's been rather out of sorts lately. After living in Florida for so long, these awful Minnesota winters leave me feeling out of sorts.See also: of, out, sortgallows humorHumor that aims to make grim subjects, like death, funny or comical. (A "gallows" is the wooden frame from which criminals were traditionally hanged.) A: "Why would he say a morbid thing like that?" B: "Oh, that's just how Uncle Ned is—he's prone to gallows humor."See also: humorschoolboy humorImmature humor. Guys, enough with the schoolboy humor. Let's try to act like adults, please.See also: humor, schoolboysense of humor1. An ability to enjoy or say things that are funny. My dad had an amazing sense of humor. He'd always have us in stitches whenever he started telling one of his stories! I was just joking, for crying out loud! Don't you have a sense of humor?2. The part of one's personality that determines what specifically one considers to be funny or appreciates as humorous. I've got a pretty weird sense of humor, so bizarre comedies like these are right up my alley. Slapstick has never really fit with my sense of humor.See also: humor, of, sense*out of sortsnot feeling well; grumpy and irritable. (*Typically: be ~; feel ~; get ~.) I've been out of sorts for a day or two. I think I'm coming down with something. The baby is out of sorts. Maybe she's getting a new tooth.See also: of, out, sortsense of humorthe ability to appreciate good humor and jokes; the ability to create jokes and say funny things. Does he have a sense of humor? He looks like he has never laughed in his life.See also: humor, of, senseout of sortsIrritable, grouchy, as in Don't ask him today-he's out of sorts. This expression also implies that one's poor spirits result from feeling slightly ill. [Early 1600s] The synonym out of humor, on the other hand, used more in Britain than America, simply means "ill-tempered" or "irritable." [Mid-1600s] See also: of, out, sortout of sorts BRITISHIf you are out of sorts, you feel slightly unwell, upset, or annoyed. He returned to his motel room feeling ill-tempered and out of sorts.See also: of, out, sortout of sorts 1 slightly unwell. 2 in low spirits; irritable.See also: of, out, sort out of humor In a bad mood; irritable.See also: humor, of, out out of sorts1. Slightly ill.2. Irritable; cross: The teacher is out of sorts this morning.See also: of, out, sortgallows humorGrim ironical humor about a serious subject. The term dates from the late 1800s and alludes to joking about being taken to the gallows and hanged. When President Barack Obama was asked why he laughed when talking about the bad state of the world economy, he replied, with a laugh, “There’s gotta be a little gallows humor to get you through the day” (Sixty Minutes, March 22, 2009).See also: humorhumor
humor, according to ancient theory, any of four bodily fluids that determined human health and temperament. HippocratesHippocrates , c.460–c.370 B.C., Greek physician, recognized as the father of medicine. He is believed to have been born on the island of Cos, to have studied under his father, a physician, to have traveled for some time, perhaps studying in Athens, and to have then ..... Click the link for more information. postulated that an imbalance among the humors (blood, phlegm, yellow bile, and black bile) resulted in pain and disease, and that good health was achieved through a balance of the four humors; he suggested that the glands had a controlling effect on this balance. For many centuries this idea was held as the basis of medicine and was much elaborated. GalenGalen , c.130–c.200, physician and writer, b. Pergamum, of Greek parents. After study in Greece and Asia Minor and at Alexandria, he returned to Pergamum, where he served as physician to the gladiatorial school. He resided chiefly in Rome from c.162. ..... Click the link for more information. introduced a new aspect, that of four basic temperaments related to the elements of which matter was thought to consist (fire, water, air, and earth) and reflecting the humors: the sanguine, buoyant type; the phlegmatic, sluggish type; the choleric, quick-tempered type; and the melancholic, dejected type. In time any personality aberration or eccentricity was referred to as a humor. The medical theory of humors was undermined in the centuries after the Renaissance and lost favor in the 19th cent. after the German Rudolf VirchowVirchow, Rudolf , 1821–1902, German pathologist, a founder of cellular pathology. He became professor at the Univ. of Würzburg (1849) and professor and director of the Pathological Institute, Berlin (1856). ..... Click the link for more information. presented his cellular pathology. In literature, a humor character was one in whom a single passion predominated; this interpretation was especially popular in Elizabethan and other Renaissance literature. One of the most comprehensive treatments of the subject was the Anatomy of Melancholy, by Robert Burton. The theory found its strongest advocates among the comedy writers, notably Ben JonsonJonson, Ben, 1572–1637, English dramatist and poet, b. Westminster, London. The high-spirited buoyancy of Jonson's plays and the brilliance of his language have earned him a reputation as one of the great playwrights in English literature. ..... Click the link for more information. and his followers, who used humor characters to illustrate various modes of irrational and immoral behavior. Bibliography See N. Arikha, Passions and Tempers: A History of the Humours (2007). Humor (Russian, iumor), a special form of the comic (komicheskoe); a relationship of the consciousness to an object, to individual phenomena, or to the world as a whole that combines an externally comic treatment with an inner seriousness. The Russian word for humor derives from the English “humor” (in the sense of mood, temper), which comes from the Latin humor (fluid) and reflects the ancient belief that the four types of temperament are determined by the relative proportions of the four chief fluids, or humors, in the body. In accordance with this etymology, humor is explicitly “whimsical” and subjective; it is conditioned by personality, and it bears the imprint of the “strange” mental set of the “humorist.” Humor is distinguished from the purely comic by its reflectiveness. Humor aims at a more meditative and serious relationship to the object of laughter and to a comprehension of the object’s truth despite its laughable strangeness; in this regard, humor is the opposite of derisive, destructive forms of laughter. On the whole, humor tends toward an evaluation that, like life itself, is complex and that is free from the one-sidedness of generally accepted stereotypes. On a more profound and serious level, humor reveals the true nature of things behind the whimsical. It shows the lofty behind the trivial, the wise behind the nonsensical, and the sad behind the laughable, disclosing “through the laughter visible to the world ... the tears invisible to it” (N. V. Gogol). In an image that embodied both elements of humor, Jean Paul, the first theorist of humor, likened humor to a bird that flies to the sky tailfirst, never letting the earth out of its sight. Depending on the emotional tone and the cultural level involved, humor may be good-natured, cruel, friendly, crude, sad, or touching. The “fluid” nature of humor reveals its “protean” (Jean Paul) capacity to assume forms corresponding to the spirit or historical “temper” of any epoch. Because of its fluid nature, humor is also capable of combination with other forms of the comic; ironic, witty, satirical, and amusing humor are examples of such combination. A great deal of the essence and the uniqueness of pure humor may be explained by a comparison of humor with other basic forms of the comic. Humor is similar to irony, a no less complex form of the comic, in its constituent elements and in the elements’ opposition; however, it is distinguished from irony by the “rules” of the comic game and by its purpose and effect. In irony the laughable is concealed under a serious mask, and a negative (mocking) attitude toward the object predominates; in humor the serious lies beneath a comic mask, and a positive (“laughing”) attitude generally prevails. The complexity of irony is thus merely formal; its seriousness is pretended, and its nature is purely artful. The complexity of humor, by contrast, is substantive. Its seriousness is genuine, and its nature—even in play—is more “philosophical”; it is more reflective of a world view. Humor frequently “plays” on two equally real aspects of human nature, the physical and the spiritual. The effect of irony and that of humor therefore differ when the game is ended and its inner aspect and true goal are revealed. Irony, at times close to a caustic gibe, stings, wounds, and insults—not only by the unpleasant content that is revealed but also by the very form of the game. Humor, on the other hand, in the final analysis intercedes for its object, and its laughter is sometimes a “bashful” screen for delight or even praise, as in the case of “friendly” humor. Such writers of the past two or three centuries as W. Scott have frequently used a humorous coloration in order to avoid a stilted quality or one-sidedness when portraying noble heroes or depicting the ideal natures of simple people who are national or social types. A comparison of humor with wit, the comic in the intellectual sphere, is no less telling. Wit is based on the play of words, concepts, or facts that are fundamentally different from each other but are closely related by association or by sound. Humor, on the other hand, is based on the intuitive comprehension, behind a comic exterior, of the inner nature of a subject; behind the perceptible or visible, the spiritual or the intellectually comprehensible is grasped. For example, in Cervantes’ novel the lanky, skinny Don Quixote rushes along the bony Rocinante, while behind him rides the stumpy, potbellied Sancho on a donkey. These figures have two aspects; they form both an interrelated, integral “quixotic” pair and a pair wandering in search of the ideal against the background of the stagnant, static reality of Spain. On all levels, the same combination of impractical spirit and spiritless practicality is found. Stylistically, wit often arises from a comparison or a juxtaposition of things that are different; humor often derives from a metaphor, frequently even a “realized metaphor” (a materialization of the spiritual). The relationship of humor to satire is determined by the attitude of each to personal weaknesses. Defects and shortcomings per se are the source of satirical laughter. Humor, however, proceeds from the truth that our shortcomings and weaknesses are most often a continuation, an exaggeration, or the “other side” of our personal merits. Satire, which openly exposes its object, is frank and tendentious in its goals. The serious purpose of humor, on the other hand, lies below the surface and is more or less concealed behind laughter. The uncompromising, demanding attitude of the satirist places him in an external, alienated, and hostile position vis-à-vis the object; the closer, more intimate relationship of the humorist, who “experiences the point of view” of the object of his laughter, tends toward indulgence, even to the point of resignation in the face of necessity and the nature of things. The great satirists, such as J. Swift and M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin, are in a state of profound discord with life that often approaches the tragic; they are often characterized by a capricious mixture of the wrathfully serious with the absurdly playful or the ridiculously insignificant; an example is Saltykov-Shchedrin’s use of the character with the “stuffed head.” These satirists are distinguished by the use of laughter and play as an anesthetic that restores cheerfulness; they cloak satire in the guise of amusing humor. Humor, which is a personal form of the comic, is the historical successor of the impersonal, oldest form of the comic—the laughter of ritual plays and festivals, which is known to all peoples. In humor, life is refracted through a personal viewpoint; life thus seen deviates in an original manner, as if centrifugally, from official stereotypes of accepted ideas and behavior. Humor is distinguished from archaic laughter by its application of the personal element to the object of laughter and to the criteria of judgment. The collectively celebrated holiday absorbs, assimilates, and integrates the individual into the whole; the call of the carnival is “Do as we do, as everybody does.” Humor differentiates and singles out the individual from the whole, even in the case of an eccentric individual, such as Don Quixote, who acts for the whole to the point of self-sacrifice. In humor, opinion ceases to be a deceptive, invalid, and artificial view of things, as it was to the impersonal traditional-patriarchal consciousness, and emerges as the only vital, real, and convincing form of a person’s independent comprehension of life. Humor treats things seriously but puts its arguments comically, “whimsically”; rather than appealing separately to reason or to feelings, it appeals to the entire consciousness. Humor, as it were, proceeds from the postulate that to persuade in an impersonal way, separate from a subject, is to persuade no one; an idea without a “person” is not alive or effective. Unlike other forms of the comic whose theoretical development can be traced back to the ancient Orient and to classical antiquity, humor, because of its personal nature, did not attract the attention of aestheticians until the 18th century. Since then, however, studies of humor have appeared one after another, and humor has virtually pushed the other forms of the comic into the background. The generally recognized homeland of humor is Great Britain, where bourgeois-liberal thought underwent its classic development. From the times of Puritanism, Great Britain has been the classic country of cant, by which is meant hypocrisy, sanctimoniousness, and vulgarity in generally accepted stereotypes of propriety; it has also been the country that has engaged in the most intense struggle against cant and the tyranny of public opinion, a struggle that has lasted for centuries in a uniquely and characteristically British form. Humor, as a rule, is not characteristic of cultures of premodern times; when humor does occur, it is a sign of the formation of individual personality. Humor is encountered only on the periphery of moral and religious consciousness, where it appears as an opposition—nihilist, irrationalist, mystical, or jesting—to the prevailing canons. Examples include the ancient anecdotes about the Cynics (especially about Diogenes, whom Plato called a “Socrates gone mad”), the late medieval legends about the “poor in spirit,” the tales about the “foolishly wise” escapades of the iurodivye (holy fools) in Rus’, and the poetry of déclassé groups, such as the lyrics written by F. Villon. The first literary examples of earthly laughter close to humor come from the Renaissance and are connected with the discovery of man and the world and a new understanding of the personality and of nature. A genetic link with archaic laughter is still quite evident in these examples, which include Erasmus’ Praise of Folly, Rabelais’ Gargantua and Pantagruel, Shakespeare’s comedies, and the character of Falstaff and the “Falstaffian elements” in Shakespeare’s historical plays. B. Jonson was one of the first to introduce the word “humor” into literary use, although it retained its satirical sense of harmful imbalances in one’s character; the word appears in Jonson’s comedies Every Man in His Humour (1598) and Every Man Out of His Humour (1599). The first complete model of humor is Cervantes’ Don Quixote, the unsurpassed ideal and the point of departure for the subsequent evolution of humor in the literatures of modern times. The defense of natural personal rights and the poeticization of the prose of private life that were characteristic of the Enlightenment were accompanied by a flourishing of humor, especially in English literature. H. Fielding, O. Goldsmith, and T. Smollett wrote family novels distinguished by humor; the prose of L. Sterne marked the zenith of humor in 18th-century literature. In French literature the possible uses to which humor could be put were revealed in philosophic novels, such as D. Diderot’s Jacques the Fatalist and the philosophic novels of Voltaire. The best examples of humor in 18th-century German literature are Goethe’s idyll Hermann und Dorothea and, especially, his novel Wilhelm Meister’s Apprenticeship; after these works come the novels of Jean Paul, the “German Sterne.” A distinctive variety of subjective humor is romantic irony, which found artistic embodiment in the works of L. Tieck, J. von Eichendorff, A. von Chamisso, and, most fully and poetically, E. T. A. Hoffmann, who used it in his dual levels of narration. Romantic irony was also the predominant form of humor in the English novel of the 19th century. Charles Dickens, a great master of humor and a great satirist, began his career with The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club, the most important imitation of Cervantes in European literature. Dickens’ method of creating characters, however, more often followed the English tradition of eccentric characters initiated by Sterne, although Dickens’ humor showed greater social awareness. A number of varieties of humor may be found in 20th-century literature. They include traditional forms, dating back to Renaissance literature; nationally characteristic forms, such as J. Hasek’s “good soldier Švejk” (a Sancho Panza-type figure) and R. Rolland’s Rabelaisian Colas Breugnon; and avant-garde forms, such as those found in dadaism, surrealism, and the theater of the absurd. In 19th-century Russian literature, Gogol’s humor is original in the highest degree. It takes diverse forms, ranging from the festive folk humor of Evenings on a Farm Near Dikanka and the “heroic” humor of Taras Bulba to the fantastic and grotesque humor of “The Nose,” the idyllic humor of “Old-World Landowners,” and the sad humor of “The Overcoat.” F. M. Dostoevsky and A. N. Ostrovskii use many different types of humor in a variety of functions; humor is also found in the short stories and plays of A. P. Chekhov. In Soviet literature, remarkable examples of various forms of humor are provided by I. E. Babel’, M. M. Zoshchenko, M. A. Bulgakov, M. A. Sholokhov, A. T. Tvardovskii, and V. M. Shukshin. REFERENCESPropp, V. Ia. Problemy komizma i smekha. Moscow, 1976. Bahnsen, J. Das Tragische als Weltgesetz und der Humor als ästhetische Gestalt des Metaphysischen. Lauenburg, 1877. Höffding, H. Humor als Lebensgefühl, 2nd ed. Leipzig, 1930. Preisendanz, W. Humor als dichterische Einbildungskraft. Munich [1963].L. E. PINSKII humor[′hyü·mər] (physiology) A fluid or semifluid part of the body. humour (US), humor1. any of various fluids in the body, esp the aqueous humour and vitreous humour 2. Archaic any of the four bodily fluids (blood, phlegm, choler or yellow bile, melancholy or black bile) formerly thought to determine emotional and physical disposition humor
humor [hu´mor] (pl. humors, humo´res) (L.) 1. any fluid or semifluid in the body, adj., adj hu´moral.2. in the nursing interventions classification, a intervention" >nursing intervention defined as facilitating the patient to perceive, appreciate, and express what is funny, amusing, or ludicrous in order to establish relationships, relieve tension, release anger, facilitate learning, or cope with painful feelings.aqueous humor the fluid produced in the eye and filling the spaces (chamber" >anterior chamber and chamber" >posterior chamber) in front of the lens and its attachments. It diffuses out of the eye into the blood and is regarded as the lymph of the eye, although its composition is different from that of the lymph in the rest of the body.ocular humor either of the humors of the eye—aqueous or vitreous.vitreous humor the fluid portion of the body" >vitreous body; often used to designate the entire vitreous body.hu·mor, gen. hu·mor·is (hyū'mŏr, hyū-mōr'is), [TA] 1. Any clear fluid or semifluid hyaline anatomic substance. See also: humoral doctrine. 2. One of the elemental body fluids that were the basis of the physiologic and pathologic teachings of the hippocratic school: blood, yellow bile, black bile, and phlegm. See also: humoral doctrine. [L. correctly, umor, liquid] humor (hyo͞o′mər)n.1. One of the four fluids of the body, blood, phlegm, choler, and black bile, whose relative proportions were thought in ancient and medieval physiology to determine a person's disposition and general health.2. Physiology a. A body fluid, such as blood, lymph, or bile.b. Aqueous humor.c. Vitreous humor.3. A person's characteristic disposition or temperament: a boy of sullen humor.humour A fluid or gel-like substance.humor 1. A fluid or gel-like substance. See Aqueous humor, Vitreous humor.2. Hardiharharness. See Laughter.hu·mor (hyū'mŏr) [TA] 1. Any clear fluid or semifluid hyaline anatomic substance. 2. One of the elemental body fluids that were the basis of the physiologic and pathologic teachings of the hippocratic school: blood, yellow bile, black bile, and phlegm. Synonym(s): humour. [L. correctly, umor, liquid]hu·mor (hyū'mŏr) [TA] 1. Any clear fluid or semifluid hyaline anatomic substance. 2. One of the elemental body fluids that were the basis of the physiologic and pathologic teachings of the hippocratic school: blood, yellow bile, black bile, and phlegm. See also: humoral doctrine Synonym(s): humour. [L. correctly, umor, liquid]humor
Synonyms for humornoun the quality of being laughable or comicalSynonyms- comedy
- comicality
- comicalness
- drollery
- drollness
- farcicality
- funniness
- humorousness
- jocoseness
- jocosity
- jocularity
- ludicrousness
- ridiculousness
- wit
- wittiness
- zaniness
noun a person's customary manner of emotional responseSynonyms- complexion
- disposition
- nature
- temper
- temperament
noun a temporary state of mind or feelingSynonyms- frame of mind
- mood
- spirit
- temper
- vein
noun an impulsive, often illogical turn of mindSynonyms- bee
- boutade
- caprice
- conceit
- fancy
- freak
- impulse
- megrim
- notion
- vagary
- whim
- whimsy
verb to comply with the wishes or ideas of (another)Synonyms |