graphic arts
graphic arts
graphic arts
graph′ic arts′
n.pl.
| 单词 | graphic arts |
| 释义 | graphic artsgraphic artsgraphic artsgraph′ic arts′n.pl. graphic artsgraphic arts:see aquatintaquatint, etching technique. The plate is covered with a porous ground, or resist, through which acid bites many tiny pockmarks in the metal. If an area is to be completely white, that part of the plate is coated with varnish. The plate, when inked, becomes a printing template. ..... Click the link for more information. ; drawingdrawing, art of the draftsman. In its broadest sense it includes every use of the delineated line and is thus basic to the arts of painting, architecture, sculpture, calligraphy, and geometry. ..... Click the link for more information. ; drypointdrypoint, an intaglio printing process in which the lines are scratched directly into a metal plate with a needle; also, the print made from such a plate. Although it is often used in combination with etching, no acid is used for the drypoint. ..... Click the link for more information. ; engravingengraving, in its broadest sense, the art of cutting lines in metal, wood, or other material either for decoration or for reproduction through printing. In its narrowest sense, it is an intaglio printing process in which the lines are cut in a metal plate with a graver, or burin. ..... Click the link for more information. ; etchingetching, the art of engraving with acid on metal; also the print taken from the metal plate so engraved. In hard-ground etching the plate, usually of copper or zinc, is given a thin coating or ground of acid-resistant resin. ..... Click the link for more information. ; illustrationillustration, any type of picture or decoration used in conjunction with a text to embellish its appearance or to clarify its meaning. Illustration is as old as writing, with both originating in the pictograph. ..... Click the link for more information. ; linoleum block printinglinoleum block printing or linocut, 20th-century development in the art of relief cuts. The linoleum block consists of a thin layer of linoleum mounted on wood; in this the design to be printed is cut in the same manner as for a woodcut. ..... Click the link for more information. ; lithographylithography , type of planographic or surface printing. It is distinguished from letterpress (relief) printing and from intaglio printing (in which the design is cut or etched into the plate). Lithography is used both as an art process and as a commercial printing process. ..... Click the link for more information. ; mezzotintmezzotint [Ital.,=halftint], method of copper or steel engraving in tone. A Dutch officer, Ludwig von Siegen, is given credit for the invention of mezzotint c.1640. The process then came into prominence in England early in the 18th cent. ..... Click the link for more information. ; nielloniello [Ital. from Latin nigellus=blackish], black metallic alloy of sulfur, copper, silver, and usually lead, used as an inlay on engraved metal. The metal surface is brushed with a borax solution as a flux, dusted with powdered niello, then heated. ..... Click the link for more information. ; pastelpastel , artists' medium of chalk and pigment, tempered with weak gum water and usually molded in the form of sticks; also a work done in this medium. Pastel was in use in Italy in the 15th cent. and is doubtless much older. ..... Click the link for more information. ; posterposter, placard designed to be posted in some public place for purposes of commercial announcement or propaganda. Advertising makes wide use of posters, as do charitable and political organizations. In ancient civilizations a simple form of written public announcement was used. ..... Click the link for more information. ; silk-screen printingsilk-screen printing, multiple printing technique, also known as serigraphy, involving the use of stencils to transfer the design. Paint is applied to a silk or nylon screen and penetrates areas of the screen not blocked by the stencil. ..... Click the link for more information. ; silhouettesilhouette , outline image, especially a profile drawing solidly filled in or a cutout pasted against a lighter background. It was named for Étienne de Silhouette (1709–67), who was the finance minister to Louis XV; it is said that he was so noted for his stinginess ..... Click the link for more information. ; silverpointsilverpoint, method of drawing whereby a silver-tipped instrument is dragged across paper prepared with ground bone dust and gum water and then tinted with a pigment. The procedure results in drawings of extraordinary delicacy. ..... Click the link for more information. ; sketchsketch, a rapidly executed kind of pictorial note-taking. The sketch is not usually intended as an autonomous work of art, although many have been considered masterpieces in their own right. ..... Click the link for more information. ; stencilstencil, cutout device of oiled or shellacked tough and resistant paper, thin metal, or other material used in applying paint, dye, or ink to reproduce its design or lettering upon a surface. ..... Click the link for more information. ; woodcut and wood engravingwoodcut and wood engraving, prints made from designs cut in relief on wood, in contrast to copper or steel engraving and etching (which are intaglio). ..... Click the link for more information. . Graphic Artsa form of fine arts that includes drawings and printed works of art (for example, engravings and lithographs), which are based on the art of drawing but have their own representational means and expressive possibilities. The term “graphic art” was originally applied only to writing and calligraphy. It acquired a new meaning at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century in connection with the rapid development of printing and the widespread use of calligraphically clear, contrasting line drawing, which was extremely well suited to photomechanical reproduction in books and magazines. Graphic art then became defined as an art form based on lines or as the art of black and white. This concept was later expanded. In addition to the contour line, graphic art makes use of the stroke and the spot, which also contrast with the white (more rarely, colored or black) surface of the paper, the main material of graphic art. Tonal nuances can be created by combining these means. The use of color is not excluded. The most general distinguishing characteristic of graphic art is the special relationship of the object being drawn to space, which is primarily represented by the paper background—“the air of the white sheet.” in the words of V. A. Favorskii. a Soviet master of graphic arts. The sense of space is not created only by the sections of the paper not covered by the design. Often (for example, in watercolor drawings), it is created by the background of the paper that is visible through the layer of color. Because of the flatness of the sheet of paper, the graphic image is. to some extent, flat. Graphic art is not as well equipped as painting to create the spatial illusions of the real world: nevertheless, it is able to vary the degree of space and flatness with great freedom and flexibility. A graphic artist may produce works distinguished by careful volume and spatial construction, narrative interest, detailed study of nature, and exposure of the structure of the object. However, he may also limit himself to a cursory impression and a conventional delineation of the object—an allusion to it, which addresses the viewer’s imagination. In such works the unfinished, terse quality is one of the chief means of expression. Depth of imagery in graphic arts is often attained by economy and concentration of artistic means and use of graphic metaphors, suggesting a comparison between graphic art and poetry. Thus, in graphic art, in addition to finished compositions, sketches from nature and impressions of paintings, sculpture, and architecture have value (the drawings of Michelangelo and L. Bernini in Italy. Rembrandt in Holland, V. I. Bazhenov in Russia, and A. Rodin in France). The capacity of the graphic arts for a harsh sharpening of images resulted in the widespread development of black and white satirical and grotesque works (the etchings of Goya in Spain, the lithographs of Daumier in France, and the drawings of G. Grosz in Germany and of Kukryniksy in the USSR). An active role is played in graphic arts by the texture of the materials used and the specific characteristics of graphic techniques and methods. A special place is occupied by nonrepresentational elements—purely decorative motifs, ornamental design, and the text, which represents the system of graphic signs. The graphic arts have a very broad range of functions, types, genres, and artistic means. Taken together, they offer unlimited possibilities for the representation and figurative interpretation of the world and the expression of the feelings and thoughts of the artist. The viewers’ contacts with graphic art works also vary—from the mass impact of the poster to the intimate response to the sketch, illustration, or miniature, which require close scrutiny. Important properties of graphic art are that it can be used for a quick response to topical events, it is easily reproduced, and it can be used to reveal a concept consistently in a number of pictures (the series of engravings by the Englishman W. Hogarth, the Belgian F. Masereel, and the Soviet graphic artists I. I. Nivinskii, A. I. Kravehenko, and V. I. Kasian. lithographs by A. F. Pakhomov. and drawings by B. I. Prorokov, E. A. Kibrik, and D. A. Shamarinov). These qualities of graphic art were extensively used in black and white works devoted to political agitation and satire, whose stormy development coincides with the dates of great historical events (the fliers of the Peasant War of 1524–26 in Germany, the engravings of the Great French Revolution, the cheap popular prints of the Patriotic War of 1812, the posters of the Civil War and Great Patriotic War). In the 20th century the graphic arts developed as a democratic, socially resonant art form addressed to mass viewers. At the same time, there has been a tendency toward individualistic aestheticism and narrowly formal, technical experiments in graphic arts. In terms of technique, the graphic arts are divided into drawing and prints. The most ancient and traditional form of graphic art is drawing, whose origins can be seen in prehistoric rock paintings and writing on ancient vases, in which lines and silhouettes form the basis of the design. Drawing has many of the same aims as painting, and the barriers between them are merely formal: watercolor, gouache, pastels, and tempera may be used to create works that have the quality and style of graphic works and paintings. Drawings are similar to paintings in their uniqueness: prints—engravings and lithographs—can be reproduced in many equally valuable copies. Engraving has been known since the sixth and seventh centuries in China and since the 14th and 15th centuries in Europe. Lithography developed only in the 19th century. Prior to the development of photomechanical methods of reproduction, printing was used to reproduce paintings and drawings. Black and white works are classified as easel, book, and newspaper and magazine art. applied graphic art. and poster art. Easel graphic works became widespread chiefly after the Renaissance. For a long time this form of graphic art addressed itself to traditional genres of the fine arts—thematic compositions (engravings by A. Dürer in Germany, J. Callot in France, Rembrandt in Holland, and K. Kollwitz in Germany, lithographs by E. Delacroix and T. Steinlen in France, and drawings by I. E. Repin and V. A. Serov in Russia) and portraiture (drawings by F. Clouet and D. Ingres in France and O. A. Kiprenskii. engravings by N. I. Utkin in Russia, and lithographs by G. S. Vereiskii in the USSR). Graphic works were also devoted to the traditional genres of the landscape (engravings by the Japanese artist Hokusai and the Soviet artist A. P. Ostroumova-Lebedeva and drawings by P. V. Miturich and N. N. Kupreianov) and still life (drawings by M. A. Vrubel’ in Russia and H. Matisse in France and engravings by D. I. Mitrokhin in the USSR). Because of the ease with which they can be reproduced and purchased, as well as their decorative qualities, which stem from the materials used (wood, metal, or linoleum in engraving and stone in lithography), prints are widely used in modern interior decoration. Specific mass-produced types of graphic art are cheap popular prints and cartoons that appear in newspapers and magazines. One of the principal fields in which the graphic arts are applied is book publishing. The history of drawing is in many ways connected with ancient and medieval manuscripts, and the development of engraving and lithography is associated with book printing. The script that appeared in ancient times was also related to the graphic arts, insofar as letters are also graphic symbols. In books the graphic arts include illustrations, which help interpret the literary work, the type design, and the overall structure and design of the book. (Those involved in the graphic arts in book publishing include W. Morris of England. V. A. Favorskii, E. E. Lansere, V. V.Lebedev.S. M. Pozharskii. and S. B. Telingater of the USSR, and W. Klemke of the German Democratic Republic.) A relatively new branch of the graphic arts is the poster, which developed in its modern form in the 19th century as a method of commercial and theatrical advertising (playbills by J. Cheret and A. Toulouse-Lautrec), and later as an instrument of political agitation (posters by D. S. Moor, V. V. Mayakovsky. and A. A. Deineka in the USSR and T. Trep-kowski in Poland). In addition to drawing, posters make use of photomontage, which is also used in books and magazines (the works of J. Heartfield in Germany and G. G. Klutsis in the USSR). Applied graphic arts, including industrial arts (for example, works by L. M. Lisitskii and A. M. Rodchenko of the USSR), have a broad range of functions and introduce artistic principles into the designing of utilitarian objects, including postage stamps, bookplates, trademarks, and labels. The ties between the graphic arts and modern life and the possibilities inherent in the development of printing are creating the conditions for new kinds of graphic arts. REFERENCESKlinger, M. Zhivopis’ i risunok. St. Petersburg, 1908. (Translated from German.)Russkaia grafika. Moscow. 1949–52 (Series of monographs.) Levitin, E. S. Sovremennaia grafika kapitalisticheskikh stran Evropy i Ameriki. Moscow. 1959. [Album.] Favorskii, V. A. O grafike kak osnove knizhnogo iskusstva. In the collection Iskusstvo knigi, vol. 2. 1956–57. Moscow, 1961. Radlov. N. E. “Sovremennaia Russkaia Grafika i Risunok.” In Izbr. soch. Moscow, 1964. [Article written in 1913.] Sidorov. A. A. Grafika pervogo desiatiletiia. 1917–1927. Moscow, 1967. Sidorov, A. A. Russkaia grafika nachala xx veka. Moscow, 1969. 50 let sovetskogo iskusslva: Grafika. Moscow, 1969. [Album.] Vipper, B. R. Stat’i ob iskusstve. Moscow, 1970. Crane, W. Line and Form. London. 1900. Bock, E. Geschichte der graphischen Kunst von ihren Anfängen bis zur Gegenwart. Berlin. 1930. Chegodaev, A. D. Russkaia Grafika. 1928–1940. Moscow. 1971. IU. A. MOLOK graphic arts[¦graf·ik ′ärts]graphic artsThe business of generating visual representations, which includes commercial art (illustrations) and page layout. The traditional arts such as painting and lithography also fall under graphic arts. See graphic.See GRA |
| 随便看 |
|
英语词典包含2567994条英英释义在线翻译词条，基本涵盖了全部常用单词的英英翻译及用法，是英语学习的有利工具。