| 单词 | graphics | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 | graphicsgraph·icsG0233700 (grăf′ĭks)graphics(ˈɡræfɪks)graph•ics(ˈgræf ɪks)n. graph·ics(grăf′ĭks)graphics
graphics→ 图形zhCNgraphicsgraphicsGraphicsin linguistics, a system of rules for the transition from graphemes and their combinations to phonemes and their combinations, or vice versa. These rules are necessitated by the fact that in no language do the phonemic and grap. hemic systems coincide completely. On the one hand there are phonemes to which graphic combinations correspond (for example, [∫]~ sh in the English writing system), but this correspondence does not follow from the fact that the grapheme s corresponds to the phoneme [s] or [z] and the grapheme h to the phoneme [h] or zero. On the other hand, graphemes having no phonemic parallels at all outside certain graphic combinations do exist (for example, q is not encountered in most Western European writing systems other than in the combination qu). The term “graphics” is often used to designate an entire set of devices that are specifically for written speech (graphemes, punctuation marks, and differences in typeface). A. A. LEONT’EV graphics[′graf·iks]graphicsgraphics(1) The computer's display system. See display adapter, discrete graphics, integrated graphics and graphics pipeline.(2) The creation and manipulation of picture images. All graphics terms in this encyclopedia refer to "computer graphics." A fast computer is required for graphics work, and although mice are widely used to create illustrations, a drawing tablet is also used for precise illustrations (see digitizer tablet and CAD). Vector and Bitmapped GraphicsThe major categories of digital graphics structures are vector graphics and bitmapped graphics. To understand this field, knowing how these two architectures are used and intertwine is necessary.
Vector Graphics for CAD and DrawingVector graphics are a series of points, lines, arcs and other geometric shapes. They are created in computer-aided design (CAD) and drawing programs. As you draw, each line is stored as a vector, which is two end points on an x-y matrix. For example, a square becomes four vectors, one for each side. A circle is turned into dozens or hundreds of tiny straight lines, the number of which is determined by the resolution of the drawing. The image is stored in the computer as a list of vectors. Vector Graphics Are Easily Scaled Each vector element maintains its own identity and can be selected and manipulated independently of the others. Any element can be independently scaled (resized) smaller or larger. From Vectors to Bitmaps Monitors display pixels, and printers print dots, both of which are bitmaps. Therefore, vector images must be converted into bitmaps ("rasterized") for the screen and printer. The rasterization process is performed by the operating system and printer language (see page description language). 3D Graphics3D images are vector graphics, but 3D CAD and drawing programs are significantly different than 2D programs. Objects are created in 3D form in a 3-dimensional workspace. They can be viewed at any angle by simply rotating them, whereas in 2D programs, the object would have to be redrawn entirely. 3D programs can render the drawing with lights and shadows, and camera angles and light sources are used to depict the objects as real-world elements.
Bitmapped Graphics for Imaging and PaintingBitmapped graphics, also known as "raster graphics," are made up of dots like TV images. Each image is divided into horizontal rows, with each row divided into "pixels" (dots). There can be millions of pixels in a single image (see megapixel). Bitmapped graphics are created manually in image editor and paint programs. They can also be scanned from paper documents, photographed by digital cameras, recorded by video cameras, as well as extracted from the computer screen (see screen capture). Many Formats, All Digital Unlike TV, which uses one family of formats for the country, there are dozens of different vector and bitmapped graphics standards. See graphics formats and DTV. Bits Per Pixel When an image is scanned into or "painted" on a computer, the bitmap is created in a reserved area of RAM with some number of bits corresponding to each pixel. The simplest monochrome bitmap uses one bit (on/off) per pixel. Gray scale bitmaps store a number for each pixel corresponding to a shade of gray; for example, 8 bits holds 254 gray levels plus black and white. Color bitmaps require three times as much storage in order to represent the shades of red, green and blue. Since colors are designated with numbers, changing red to green is a process of searching for the red number and replacing it with the green number. See color depth. Although often compressed further to save space, bitmapped image files are typically larger than their vector counterpart. Storage for each pixel is required whether part of the object or the background. A small object in a vector image requires storage of only a few vectors. From Bitmaps to Bitmaps Although bitmapped images are already in a raster format, they typically have to be combined with other bitmaps, vector and text elements and be "rasterized" into a bitmap of the screen's resolution or the printed page.
See GRFX graphics
Synonyms for graphics
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graphics - photographs or other visual representations in a printed publication; "the publisher was responsible for all the artwork in the book"
