| 释义 |
harrow
Har·row H0073400 (hăr′ō) A borough of Greater London in southeast England. It is the site of the public school Harrow, founded in 1572.
har·row 1 H0073400 (hăr′ō)n. A farm implement consisting of a heavy frame with sharp teeth or upright disks, used to break up and even off plowed ground.tr.v. har·rowed, har·row·ing, har·rows 1. To break up and level (soil or land) with a harrow.2. To inflict great distress or torment on.
[Middle English harwe.]
har′row·er n.
har·row 2 H0073400 (hăr′ō)tr.v. har·rowed, har·row·ing, har·rows Archaic To plunder or rob (Hell of redeemed souls). Used of Jesus after the Crucifixion.
[Middle English herwen, variant of harien; see harry.]harrow (ˈhærəʊ) n (Agriculture) any of various implements used to level the ground, stir the soil, break up clods, destroy weeds, etc, in soilvb1. (Agriculture) (tr) to draw a harrow over (land)2. (Agriculture) (intr) (of soil) to become broken up through harrowing3. (tr) to distress; vex[C13: of Scandinavian origin; compare Danish harv, Swedish harf; related to Middle Dutch harke rake] ˈharrower n ˈharrowing adj, n ˈharrowingly adv
harrow (ˈhærəʊ) vb (tr) 1. to plunder or ravish2. (Ecclesiastical Terms) (of Christ) to descend into (hell) to rescue righteous souls[C13: variant of Old English hergian to harry] ˈharrowment n
Harrow (ˈhærəʊ) n (Placename) a borough of NW Greater London; site of an English boys' public school founded in 1571 at Harrow-on-the-Hill, a part of this borough. Pop: 210 700 (2003 est). Area: 51 sq km (20 sq miles)har•row1 (ˈhær oʊ)
n. 1. an agricultural implement with spikelike teeth or upright disks, for leveling and breaking up clods in plowed land. v.t. 2. to draw a harrow over (land). 3. to disturb keenly or painfully; distress the mind, feelings, etc., of. v.i. 4. to become broken up by harrowing, as soil. [1250–1300; Middle English harwe; akin to Old Norse herfi harrow, Middle Dutch harke rake] har′row•er, n. har•row2 (ˈhær oʊ)
v.t. Archaic. to despoil. [before 1000; Middle English harwen, herwen, Old English hergian to harry] har′row•ment, n. Har•row (ˈhær oʊ)
n. a borough of Greater London, in SE England. 201,300. harrow, harrowing - To harrow is to wound the feelings or cause to suffer—which gives us harrowing.See also related terms for suffer.harrow
Past participle: harrowed
Gerund: harrowing
| Present |
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| I harrow | | you harrow | | he/she/it harrows | | we harrow | | you harrow | | they harrow |
| Preterite |
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| I harrowed | | you harrowed | | he/she/it harrowed | | we harrowed | | you harrowed | | they harrowed |
| Present Continuous |
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| I am harrowing | | you are harrowing | | he/she/it is harrowing | | we are harrowing | | you are harrowing | | they are harrowing |
| Present Perfect |
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| I have harrowed | | you have harrowed | | he/she/it has harrowed | | we have harrowed | | you have harrowed | | they have harrowed |
| Past Continuous |
|---|
| I was harrowing | | you were harrowing | | he/she/it was harrowing | | we were harrowing | | you were harrowing | | they were harrowing |
| Past Perfect |
|---|
| I had harrowed | | you had harrowed | | he/she/it had harrowed | | we had harrowed | | you had harrowed | | they had harrowed |
| Future |
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| I will harrow | | you will harrow | | he/she/it will harrow | | we will harrow | | you will harrow | | they will harrow |
| Future Perfect |
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| I will have harrowed | | you will have harrowed | | he/she/it will have harrowed | | we will have harrowed | | you will have harrowed | | they will have harrowed |
| Future Continuous |
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| I will be harrowing | | you will be harrowing | | he/she/it will be harrowing | | we will be harrowing | | you will be harrowing | | they will be harrowing |
| Present Perfect Continuous |
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| I have been harrowing | | you have been harrowing | | he/she/it has been harrowing | | we have been harrowing | | you have been harrowing | | they have been harrowing |
| Future Perfect Continuous |
|---|
| I will have been harrowing | | you will have been harrowing | | he/she/it will have been harrowing | | we will have been harrowing | | you will have been harrowing | | they will have been harrowing |
| Past Perfect Continuous |
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| I had been harrowing | | you had been harrowing | | he/she/it had been harrowing | | we had been harrowing | | you had been harrowing | | they had been harrowing |
| Conditional |
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| I would harrow | | you would harrow | | he/she/it would harrow | | we would harrow | | you would harrow | | they would harrow |
| Past Conditional |
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| I would have harrowed | | you would have harrowed | | he/she/it would have harrowed | | we would have harrowed | | you would have harrowed | | they would have harrowed |
HarrowHarrows are the primary implements used to break up dirt clods, fill in holes, and generally level the ground after it has been broken by a turning plow. One of the earlier approaches to harrowing, and one that survived on a limited scale through many centuries, was merely to drag a tree limb with plenty of branches on it over the ground. Harrows to be pulled by horses were made in five-foot wide sections, with provisions for linking them together side-by-side to make them wider. Each section was considered a load for one horse. Thus, if three sections were linked together side-by-side, three horses were used to pull the combination.Thesaurus| Noun | 1. | harrow - a cultivator that pulverizes or smooths the soilcultivator, tiller - a farm implement used to break up the surface of the soil (for aeration and weed control and conservation of moisture)disc harrow, disk harrow - a harrow with a series of disks set on edge at an angle | | Verb | 1. | harrow - draw a harrow over (land)diskfarming, husbandry, agriculture - the practice of cultivating the land or raising stockplow, plough, turn - to break and turn over earth especially with a plow; "Farmer Jones plowed his east field last week"; "turn the earth in the Spring" |
harrowverbArchaic. To rob of goods by force, especially in time of war:depredate, despoil, havoc, loot, pillage, plunder, ransack, rape, ravage, sack, spoliate, strip.Archaic: spoil.TranslationsIdiomsSeeunder the harrowHarrow
Harrow, outer borough (1991 pop. 194,300) of Greater London, SE England. For centuries Harrow grew foodstuffs for London. It is mainly residential and contains parts of the Green Belt, areas set aside as parkland. Optical and photographic goods and glass are manufactured. The famous Harrow public school, founded in 1571, is in the borough. Among its graduates were the writers George ByronByron, George Gordon Noel Byron, 6th Baron
, 1788–1824, English poet and satirist. Early Life and Works
He was the son of Capt. John ("Mad Jack") Byron and his second wife, Catherine Gordon of Gight.
..... Click the link for more information. and John GalsworthyGalsworthy, John
, 1867–1933, English novelist and dramatist. Winner of the 1932 Nobel Prize in Literature, he is best remembered for his series of novels tracing the history of the wealthy Forsyte family from the 1880s to the 1920s.
..... Click the link for more information. and the statesmen Sir Robert PeelPeel, Sir Robert,
1788–1850, British statesman. The son of a rich cotton manufacturer, whose baronetcy he inherited in 1830, Peel entered Parliament as a Tory in 1809.
..... Click the link for more information. and Henry PalmerstonPalmerston, Henry John Temple, 3d Viscount,
1784–1865, British statesman. His viscountcy, to which he succeeded in 1802, was in the Irish peerage and therefore did not prevent him from entering the House of
..... Click the link for more information. .
harrow, farm implement, consisting of a wooden or metal framework bearing metal disks, teeth, or sharp projecting points, called tines, which is dragged over plowed land to pulverize the clods of earth and level the soil. Harrows are also used to uproot weeds, aerate the soil, and cover seeds. Primitive harrows were twiggy branches drawn over the soil to smooth it; in India a ladderlike device of bamboo is still used. In modern large-scale farming, harrows are of varied types. Some are simply dragged behind a tractor or draft animal; some are suspended on wheels; many have levers to adjust the depth of the cut. There may be one or more gangs (sets) of cutting parts per harrow, and one or more harrows may be drawn at a time. In disk harrows, which next to the plow are the most widely used tillage implements, the saucer-shaped disks are set at angles to the line of pull for maximum pulverization. Spike-tooth harrows have rigid teeth, and spring-tooth harrows have curved tines that adjust to obstacles. The rotary crossharrow has power-driven rotating toothed disks; another type of harrow slices through topsoil and vegetation with curved knives. In general, the harrow is similar to the cultivatorcultivator,
agricultural implement for stirring and pulverizing the soil, either before planting or to remove weeds and to aerate and loosen the soil after the crop has begun to grow. The cultivator usually stirs the soil to a greater depth than does the harrow. See cultivation.
..... Click the link for more information. , except that it penetrates the soil to a lesser depth. Bibliography See M. Partridge, Farm Tools through the Ages (1973); C. Culpin, Farm Machinery (11th ed. 1986). Harrow an agricultural machine for shallow cultivation of soil and the care of plants. The earliest known use of the harrow is during Roman times (Italy, first century B.C.). It was widely used among Slavic tribes no later than the end of the first millennium A.D. The first written mention of the harrow is contained in Russkaia pravda (11th—12th centuries). The most ancient form of harrow in Rus’ was the sukovatka—the trunk of a fir tree with the branches cut off to a length of 50–70 cm. The types of harrows used later included bow harrows, made of bound trimmings of tree trunks with branches 35–50 cm long; wattled harrows, consisting of a number of wooden beams and stakes tied with bast fiber; harrows with wooden frames and metal teeth and also with metal frames and metal teeth; and disk harrows. All these harrows were drawn through the fields by draft animals. As a rule, present-day harrows have metal frames and metal working parts. They are usually coupled to tractors. Present-day harrows are divided into toothed and disk types and into types for general and specific use. Toothed harrows are used for cultivation of the top layer of the soil after plowing, for breaking up the soil crust in the spring on plantings of winter crops and for harrowing seedlings, for embedding seeds and applying mineral fertilizers, for leveling fields before sowing, and for destroying weeds. The working parts of these harrows are steel teeth (square, round, rectangular, or knifelike). The teeth are attached rigidly or hinged to the frame or to a spring base. A zigzag frame has been adopted for toothed harrows, which ensures symmetrical placement of teeth and less jamming of equipment. These harrows are divided, according to the load capacity of each tooth, into heavy (16–20 newtons [N]), medium (12–16 N), and light (5–12 N; 1 N ≈ 0.1 kg force). Types of toothed harrows include the “Zigzag,” smoothing, latticed, spring-tooth, weeding, grassland, and rotary-knife. The Zigzag consists of three toothed units; they are produced either as trailers or tractor-mounted. A smoothing harrow consists of two units. Each unit has a steel blade (grader), a harrow with one row of teeth, and a rake of four bars. The grader shears off ridges and clods, the teeth crumble them, and the bars of the rake pulverize clumps and level the surface of the field. The latticed harrow has teeth of circular steel that are hinged and form a latticework that adapts well to irregularities of the field. Latticed harrows may be trailers or tractor-mounted. The latticed thinning harrow (currycomb) is designed for thinning shoots of sugar beets and for weeding sugar beets and corn. The harrow consists of two sections with irregularly bent links ending in teeth. The spring-tooth harrow consists of three bars with attached spring teeth. The weeding harrow has elastic spring teeth with sharp ends, which are used to simultaneously cultivate the protective zones around plants and the space between rows. The meadow harrow is equipped with platelike, scraper-type blades that break up clumps of earth, level molehills, comb out rotted roots of herbs, and so on. The rotary-knife harrow is designed for work on soils littered with stones. Its working parts are platelike blades attached to rotating shafts. The harrow adapts well to irregularities in the field and overrides obstructions (stumps and stones) up to 35 cm high. The characteristic features of toothed harrows made in the USSR are presented in Table 1. Disk harrows are used mainly for the cultivation of grass-covered layers and for breaking up large clods and clumps of soil. Their working parts are smooth or serrated disks 450, 510, or 660 mm in diameter. The disks are mounted in gangs. | Table 1. Characteristics of toothed harrows |
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| Type | Modal | Working width (m) | Depth ot cultivation (m) | Weight (kg) | Productivity (ha/hr) |
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| Heavy | ZBZTU-1.0 | 2.8 | 5–6 | 140 | 2.0 | | Medium | ZBZS-1.0 | 2.9 | 5–6 | 100 | 2.0 | | Seeding | ZBP-1.0 | 1.8 | 5–6 | 47 | 1.4 | | Smoothing | ShB-2.5 | 25 | 3–5 | 110 | 0.9–1.0 | | Latticed | BS-2.0 | 2.0 | up to 6 | 96 | 1.3 | | | BSO-4.0 | 4.0 | 4–8 | 93 | 2.6 | | | BSP-4.0 | 4.0 | 4 | 140 | 1.15 | | Spring-tooth | PB-9A | 0.9 | up to 10 | 68 | 0.37 | | Meadow | BLSh-2.3 | 2.3 | — | 260 | 1.8 | | Pasture | BPSh-3.1 | 3.1 | — | 202 | 2.2 | | Rotary-blade | BNV-3.0 | 3.0 | up to 10 | 320 | 1.5 | | With palmate teeth | ZBZL-1.0 | 3.0 | 4–6 | 260 | 1.8 |
| Table 2. Characteristics of disk harrows |
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| Type | Model | Working Width | Depth ol cultivation (cm) | Weight (kg) | Disk diameter(mm) | Productivity (ha/hr) |
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| Swamp | | | | | | | | | Tractor-mounted | BDT-2.5A | 2.5 | 25 | 1,600 | 660 | 1.2–1.4 | | | Trailer | BDNT-2.2 | 2.2 | 20 | 850 | 660 | 1.0 | | Field | | | | | | | | | Tractor-mounted | BD-4.1 | 4.1 | 9 | 1,270 | 510 | 3.4 | | | Semitrailer | BDP-4.1 | 4.1 | 12 | 1,180 | 510 | 2.5 | | | Trailer | BDN-2.0 | 2.0 | 12 | 425 | 445 | 1.0 | | Orchard | | | | | | | | | Semitrailer | BDN-2.2M | 2.2 | 11 | 665 | 510 | 1.2 | | | Trailer | BDN-1.3 | 1.3 | 10 | 315 | 450 | 1.1 |
The disks, which are placed at an angle to the direction of the machine’s movement and rotate as they work, cut the layers of soil, crumble it, turn it over, and push it aside. Disk harrows are divided into swamp, field, and orchard types, trailers, semitrailers, and tractor-mounted. Field harrows have gangs equipped with ballast bins to which weights are added, increasing the weight of the harrow with a view to better cultivation of the soil. The gangs of orchard harrows for working the soil between rows and around tree trunks and berry bushes are placed asymmetrically in relation to the longitudinal axis of the harrow, as a result of which the point of attachment is shifted to one side, making it possible to remove the tractor to a distance of 1.5–3.5 m from fruit trees. In addition, the harrows are equipped with a device for diverting the gangs to the space between rows when they touch a fruit tree. The characteristic feature of disk harrows made in the USSR are presented in Table 2. REFERENCEKarpenko, A. N., and A. A. Zelenev. Sel’skokhoziaistvennye mashiny, 2nd ed. Moscow, 1968. Chapter 2.I. M. PANOV harrow[′här·ō] (agriculture) An implement that is pulled over plowed soil to break clods, level the surface, and destroy weeds. Harrow a borough of NW Greater London; site of an English boys' public school founded in 1571 at Harrow-on-the-Hill, a part of this borough. Pop.: 210 700 (2003 est.). Area: 51 sq. km (20 sq. miles) AcronymsSeeHAharrow
Related to harrow: disc harrowSynonyms for harrowverb to rob of goods by force, especially in time of warSynonyms- depredate
- despoil
- havoc
- loot
- pillage
- plunder
- ransack
- rape
- ravage
- sack
- spoliate
- strip
- spoil
Synonyms for harrownoun a cultivator that pulverizes or smooths the soilRelated Words- cultivator
- tiller
- disc harrow
- disk harrow
verb draw a harrow over (land)SynonymsRelated Words- farming
- husbandry
- agriculture
- plow
- plough
- turn
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