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illustration
il·lus·tra·tion I0039700 (ĭl′ə-strā′shən)n.1. The act of illustrating or the state of being illustrated: concepts that would benefit from illustration; an idea that lends itself to illustration.2. A picture or image that is used to decorate or clarify a text.3. An example that is used to clarify or explain something. See Synonyms at example.4. Obsolete Illumination.
il′lus·tra′tion·al adj.illustration (ˌɪləˈstreɪʃən) n1. pictorial matter used to explain or decorate a text2. an example or demonstration: an illustration of his ability. 3. the act of illustrating or the state of being illustrated ˌillusˈtrational adjil•lus•tra•tion (ˌɪl əˈstreɪ ʃən)
n. 1. something that illustrates, as a picture in a book or magazine. 2. a comparison or an example intended for explanation or corroboration. 3. the act or process of illuminating. 4. the act of clarifying or explaining; elucidation. Thesaurus| Noun | 1. |  illustration - artwork that helps make something clear or attractivelegend, caption - brief description accompanying an illustrationartwork, graphics, nontextual matter, art - photographs or other visual representations in a printed publication; "the publisher was responsible for all the artwork in the book"pictorial matter, picture - illustrations used to decorate or explain a text; "the dictionary had many pictures"fig, figure - a diagram or picture illustrating textual material; "the area covered can be seen from Figure 2" | | 2. | illustration - showing by exampleexemplificationdemo, demonstration - a visual presentation showing how something works; "the lecture was accompanied by dramatic demonstrations"; "the lecturer shot off a pistol as a demonstration of the startle response" | | 3. |  illustration - an item of information that is typical of a class or group; "this patient provides a typical example of the syndrome"; "there is an example on page 10"example, instance, representativeinformation - knowledge acquired through study or experience or instructionapology, excuse - a poor example; "it was an apology for a meal"; "a poor excuse for an automobile"exception - an instance that does not conform to a rule or generalization; "all her children were brilliant; the only exception was her last child"; "an exception tests the rule"case in point, precedent - an example that is used to justify similar occurrences at a later timequintessence - the most typical example or representative of a typesample - a small part of something intended as representative of the wholespecimen - an example regarded as typical of its class | | 4. | illustration - a visual representation (a picture or diagram) that is used make some subject more pleasing or easier to understandplate - a full-page illustration (usually on slick paper)representation - a creation that is a visual or tangible rendering of someone or something |
illustrationnoun1. example, case, instance, sample, explanation, demonstration, interpretation, specimen, analogy, clarification, case in point, exemplar, elucidation, exemplification These figures are an illustration of the country's dynamism.2. picture, drawing, painting, image, print, plate, figure, portrait, representation, sketch, decoration, portrayal, likeness, adornment She looked like a princess in a nineteenth century illustration.illustrationnoun1. Something that serves to explain or clarify:clarification, construction, decipherment, elucidation, exegesis, explanation, explication, exposition, illumination, interpretation.Archaic: enucleation.2. One that is representative of a group or class:case, example, instance, representative, sample, specimen.Translationsillustrate (ˈiləstreit) verb1. to provide (a book, lecture etc) with pictures, diagrams etc. 加上插圖 加上插图2. to make (a statement etc) clearer by providing examples etc. Let me illustrate my point; This diagram will illustrate what I mean. 舉例說明 举例说明ˈillustrated adjective having pictures etc. an illustrated catalogue. 有插圖的 有插图的ˌilluˈstration noun1. a picture. coloured illustrations. 插圖 插图2. an example. 例證 例证3. the act of illustrating. 圖解 图解ˈillustrative (-strətiv) , ((American) iˈlastrətiv) adjective 圖解的 用作说明的ˈillustrator noun a person who draws pictures etc for books etc. 插圖畫家 插图画家illustration
illustration, any type of picture or decoration used in conjunction with a text to embellish its appearance or to clarify its meaning. Illustration is as old as writing, with both originating in the pictograph. With the advent of printing, the art of hand-painted illuminationillumination,
in art, decoration of manuscripts and books with colored, gilded pictures, often referred to as miniatures (see miniature painting); historiated and decorated initials; and ornamental border designs.
..... Click the link for more information. declined as a means of book illustration. History of Book Illustration Modern book illustration originated in the 15th-century block booksblock book.
Before and after the invention of printing from movable types in the mid-15th cent., some books were printed in Europe from engraved wooden blocks, with one block for each page. This method was developed by the 9th cent. A.D. in China.
..... Click the link for more information. , in which the text and the illustration were cut on the same block. Book illustration has followed closely the development of the printing processes. Copperplate engravingengraving,
in its broadest sense, the art of cutting lines in metal, wood, or other material either for decoration or for reproduction through printing. In its narrowest sense, it is an intaglio printing process in which the lines are cut in a metal plate with a graver, or burin.
..... Click the link for more information. and etchingetching,
the art of engraving with acid on metal; also the print taken from the metal plate so engraved. In hard-ground etching the plate, usually of copper or zinc, is given a thin coating or ground of acid-resistant resin.
..... Click the link for more information. tended to replace the woodcut during the 16th and 17th cent., but it was not until the close of the 18th cent. that the art was revolutionized by Thomas BewickBewick, Thomas
, 1753–1828, English wood engraver. Bewick pioneered in the revival of original wood engraving. Among his famous early works are his illustrations for John Gay's Fables (1779), for Aesop's Select Fables (1784), and for Ralph Beilby's
..... Click the link for more information. 's ingenious use of wood engraving and SenefelderSenefelder, Aloys
, 1771–1834, German lithographer, b. Prague. Senefelder invented lithography in Munich c.1796. In 1818 he published a full account of the nature and the history of his invention. The English translation, A Complete Course of Lithography, appeared in 1819.
..... Click the link for more information. 's invention of lithographylithography
, type of planographic or surface printing. It is distinguished from letterpress (relief) printing and from intaglio printing (in which the design is cut or etched into the plate). Lithography is used both as an art process and as a commercial printing process.
..... Click the link for more information. . These two processes greatly stimulated the production of illustrated books and magazines and were exploited by such masters as Daumier, Doré, and Gavarni. In the late 19th cent. wood engraving and lithography were superseded by the photomechanical processes that made possible the reproduction of a wide variety of painting and drawing techniques. The exploitation of these processes for cheap and rapid but sloppy mass production obscured their artistic potential. Thus early hand processes were revived in book illustration by such artists as William Morris, Matisse, Rouault, Picasso, Chagall, Rockwell Kent, and many others. However, such major illustrators as Aubrey Beardsley, Howard Pyle, and Elihu Vedder understood and exploited the photomechanical processes to great effect in the reproduction of their art works. Other great artists famous for illustration are Dürer, Holbein, William Hogarth, William Blake, Manet, and Winslow Homer. Fiction and Children's Literature Illustration of fiction was more popular in the 19th cent. than in the 20th. Dickens's works were illustrated by John Leech, H. K. BrowneBrowne, Hablot Knight
, pseud. Phiz,
1815–82, English illustrator. At 21 he was chosen by Charles Dickens to illustrate Pickwick Papers. His success was immediate, and in due course he illustrated many of Dickens's novels as well as works of Harrison
..... Click the link for more information. ("Phiz"), and George CruikshankCruikshank, George
, 1792–1878, English caricaturist, illustrator, and etcher; younger son of Isaac Cruikshank (1756–1810), caricaturist. Self-taught, George early gained a reputation for his humorous drawings and political and social satires.
..... Click the link for more information. . Sir John TennielTenniel, Sir John
, 1820–1914, English caricaturist and illustrator. He became well known for his original and good-humored political cartoons in Punch, with which he was associated from 1851 to 1901.
..... Click the link for more information. 's illustrations for Alice's Adventures in Wonderland are almost as well known as the text itself. Today much of the finest illustration is done in the field of children's literaturechildren's literature,
writing whose primary audience is children.
See also children's book illustration. The Beginnings of Children's Literature
The earliest of what came to be regarded as children's literature was first meant for adults.
..... Click the link for more information. . From Beatrix PotterPotter, Beatrix,
1866–1943, English author and illustrator. She published her first animal stories, The Tale of Peter Rabbit (1902) and The Tailor of Gloucester (1903), at her own expense before she found a publisher, Frederick Warne & Company.
..... Click the link for more information. to Ludwig Bemelmans and Maurice SendakSendak, Maurice Bernard,
1928–2012, American writer and illustrator of children's books, b. Brooklyn, N.Y. Largely self-taught, he was widely acclaimed as the 20th-century's most important childrens' book artist.
..... Click the link for more information. , a number of gifted writers of children's stories have illustrated their own books. Among the great illustrators of children's books are Kate Greenaway, Walter Crane, Randolph Caldecott, Edward Lear, Ernest Shepherd, Palmer Cox, A. B. Frost, and Wanda Gág (see children's book illustrationchildren's book illustration,
any type of picture or decorative work produced for books specifically intended for a youthful audience. Beginnings of a Genre
Among the first picture books produced in the West and intended for children is Comenius's
..... Click the link for more information. ). Illustration in the East In the Middle East fine printing of illustrated books is a very recent development. The lavish King Fuad Qur'an (1923, Egypt) is exceptional among Middle Eastern printed works. In East Asia the art of book illustration is very old. Printing was highly developed in China by the 9th cent., and exquisite block-printed illustrations enhanced many volumes. Japan borrowed Chinese techniques as early as the 9th cent. and used the ancient processes for wood-block printing of ukiyo-e (see Japanese artJapanese art,
works of art created in the islands that make up the nation of Japan. Early Works
The earliest art of Japan, probably dating from the 3d and 2d millennia B.C.
..... Click the link for more information. ) in books into the 18th cent. Twentieth-century printing of illustrated books in Japan involves the best and most recently developed processes. Bibliography See D. Bland, A History of Book Illustration (2d ed. 1969); D. Klemin, The Illustrated Book (1970); R. M. Slythe, The Art of Illustration (1972); J. G. Heck, The Complete Encyclopedia of Illustration (1979); M. Melot, The Art of Illustration (1984). IllustrationThe representation by artistic means of an idea or scene.Illustration (1) An explanation using graphic examples. (2) A picture that accompanies and supplements a text (drawings, engravings, photographs, reproductions of paintings and drawings, maps, or diagrams). (3) A branch of art that provides a pictorial interpretation of a literary or scientific work. In the strict sense of the word, an illustration is designed as an integral part of the text (in other words, an element of the reading process). In this sense, the development of the art of illustration is closely related to the history of books. There are also illustrations that are not intended to be incorporated in books, despite the fact that they are pictorial interpretations of literary texts. Examples of this type of illustration include Botticelli’s illustrations of Dante’s Divine Comedy, H. Daumier’s illustrations of Cervantes’ Don Quixote, and V. A. Serov’s illustrations of I. A. Krylov’s fables. An illustration that is a part of the artistic organization of a book, newspaper, or magazine is complemented by other decorative elements (headpieces, tailpieces, and initials), which also serve as pictorial commentaries on the text. Originally, manuscripts were illustrated with miniature paintings. After the invention of book printing and woodcutting, illustration primarily became a component of the graphic arts. The earliest woodcut illustrations appeared in China in the sixth and seventh centuries, becoming particularly widespread in the 12th century. Chinese illustration, retaining the compositional principles of painting, is distinguished by its expressive lapidary pictorial language. Color woodcutting developed in China in the late 16th century; inexpensive picture prints were particularly popular until the 20th century. In Japan, book illustration began at the outset of the 17th century. The flowering of Japanese woodcut illustration occurred in the 18th and early 19th centuries. Moronobu, Harunobu, Utamaro, and Hokusai painstakingly represented life’s infinite variety in their illustrations (to which the text often played a subordinate role). European woodcut illustration originated in the 15th century and was initially closely related to miniature painting. It became an important means of disseminating didactic religious ideas and, later, ideas of the Renaissance and Reformation. Initially, illustrations were cut on the same block as the text. Later, they were cut separately and added when the type was set. Fifteenth-century European illustrations are characterized by terse, generalized contours, which harmonized with the design of the script. Italian woodcutters of the late 15th and early 16th centuries produced works that were particularly elaborate. Sixteenth-century artists exhibited a growing tendency to express three-dimensional space and powerful picturesque effects. The greatest masters of illustration during the late Middle Ages and the Renaissance were M. Wolgemut, W. Pleyden-wurff, J. Amman, A. Diirer, H. Baldung-Grien, H. Holbein the Younger, and L. Cranach the Elder in Germany; U. Graf in Switzerland; J. Swart and Lucas van Leyden in the Netherlands; B. Salomon and J. Duvet in France; and Titian in Italy. The first Russian, Ukrainian, and Byelorussian woodcut illustrations appeared in the 16th and 17th centuries. Engraving on copper became the predominant technique used in illustration at the end of the 16th century. At this time illustrations began to be treated as independent compositions that were executed on separate pages and then attached to the text. Particular attention was given to the design of the frontispiece, which resembled a baroque triumphal arch. In the 17th century the discipline of illustration developed extensively. The masters of 17th-century illustration included A. Tempesta and S. della Bella in Italy, C. van de Passe and J. Callot in France, P. P. Rubens in Flanders, R. de Hooghe in Holland, M. Merian in Germany, and W. Hollar in Bohemia. In the 18th century, book illustration became firmly established as an art, and delicate rococo vignettes became particularly popular. The illustrators, subtly revealing the interrelationship of literary characters, depicted the major episodes of a story and showed the underlying connections between these episodes. The creation of series of illustrations became popular. Series were executed by H. Gravelot, J. M. Moreau, C. Eisen, F. Boucher, and H. Fragonard in France; D. N. Chodowiecki in Germany; W. Hogarth in England; and G. B. Piazzetti in Italy. In the early 19th century, T. Bewick in England and J. Audubon in the United States created outstanding examples of natural-science illustrations. More flexible and less expensive methods of illustration evolved, such as large-edition wood engraving and lithography. Nineteenth-century finished illustrations were either compositions executed on separate pages or quick sketches intermingled with the text. The illustrations of H. Daumier, P. Gavarni, and J. I. Grandville in France, who were frequent contributors to magazines, are distinguished by their incisive topical satire. The romantic artists, such as W. Blake and E. Calvert in England, Eugene Delacroix and J. Gigoux in France, and A. L. Richter in Germany, poignantly recreated the emotional atmosphere of the literary works that they were illustrating. The romantics expressed a wide range of feelings—from mystical exaltation (W. Blake) to good-natured folk humor (A. L. Richter). Literary works were carefully interpreted in the illustrations of G. Dore in France; A. Menzel in Germany; H. K. (Phiz) Brown and G. Cruikshank in England; and F. P. Tolstoi, G. G. Gagarin, and A. A. Agin in Russia. In the late 19th century, photomechanical reproduction was invented; and any representation could be freely reproduced. The expressive possibilities of illustrators were sharply increased as a result of the variety of techniques available to them. However, at the same time, the resemblance of many illustrations to easel (picture) paintings led to a partial dissolution of the unity between the illustration and the book. In England, W. Morris, in collaboration with W. Crane, attempted to harmonize illustration with script and with the ornamental elements of book design. Artists, such as A. Beardsley in England and E. D. Polenova, V. M. Vasnetsov, and I. Ia. Bilibin in Russia, working in the spirit of art nouveau or adhering to romantic and nationalistic traditions, created works that are characterized by delicate decorative stylization and by a subtle awareness of the planarity of the page. In Russian the masters of the World of Art movement (Mir iskusstva), such as A. N. Benois, M. V. Dobuzhinskii, and E. E. Lansere, elaborated on problems concerning the decorative ties between illustration and books, as well as problems concerning the emotional expressiveness of illustration. Their illustrations stylistically correspond to the literary text and the epoch that they depicted. At the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th, significant achievements were made in the art of illustration. These achievements are reflected in the works of T. Steinlen and D. Vierge in France; M. A. Vrubel’, L. O. Pasternak, and D. N. Kardovskii in Russia; P. Hogarth in England; and R. Kent in the USA. In the 20th century, illustration has become the artist’s intensely personal interpretation of a literary text. Illustration often serves as an artist’s free associative accompaniment, providing a variety of interpretations. This is characteristic of the illustrations of M. Denis, A. Maillol, R. Dufy, H. Matisse, and P. Picasso in France; P. de Mazerolles in Belgium; H. Erni in Switzerland; R. Guttuso in Italy; and A. Kubin in Austria. Soviet book illustration is an important means of ideological and aesthetic education. In the Soviet Union the 1920’s marked the blossoming of woodcutting (V- A. Favorskii and A. I. Kravchenko) and of drawing (V. M. Konashevich, N. N. Ku-preianov, V. V. Lebedev, and N. A. Tyrsa), as well as the invention of photomontage and the appearance of poster elements in illustration (A. M. Rodchenko). Illustrators of this period also sought to unite their work with books both visually and in terms of subject matter. Since the 1920’s multicolored illustrations for children’s books have been developed. From 1930 to the early 1950’s illustration was characterized by the attempt to express the psychological aspect of a narrative, to portray realistic, authentic images, and to create many-paged series (D. A. Shmarinov, S. V. Gerasimov, Kukryniksy, E. A. Kibrik, and D. A. Dubinskii). Illustrations (charcoal drawings, pencil drawings, or lithographs) became similar to works of graphic art. Soviet illustration from 1955 to the late 1960’s, adhering to the best traditions of preceding years, demonstrated unusual diversity. Numerous illustrations of Russian, Soviet, and foreign literature, including children’s literature, were created by D. S. Bisti, Iu. A. Vasnetsov, O. G. Vereiskii, A. D. Goncharov, V. N. Goriaev, N. V. Kuz’min, A. M. Kanevskii, and M. I. Pikov in the RSFSR; V. I. Kasiian in the Ukraine; S. S. Kobuladze in Georgia; E. M. Sidorkin in Kazakhstan; G. S. Khandzhian in Armenia; and A. A. Kuchas in Lithuania. The achievements of illustrators in socialist countries are interesting and diverse. The most prominent socialist illustrators include A. Wiirtz in Hungary; W. Klemke, H. Baltzer, and J. Hegenbarth in the German Democratic Republic; E. Lipin-ski, T. Kulisiewicz, and I. Czerwiriski in Poland; and I. Lada and I. Trnka in Czechoslovakia. REFERENCESTynianov, Iu. N. “Illustratsii.” In Arkhaisty i novatory. Leningrad, 1929.
Kuz’minskii, K. S. Russkaia realisticheskaia illustratsiia XVIII-XIX vekov. Moscow, 1937.
Chegodaev, A.D. Puti razvitiia russkoi sovetskoi knizhnoi grafiki. Moscow, 1955.
Dmitrieva, N. A. Izobrazhenie i slovo. Moscow, 1962.
Sidorov, A. A. Istoriia oformleniia russkoi knigi. Moscow, 1964.
Goncharov, A. D. Khudozhnik i kniga. Moscow, 1964.
Iskusstvo knigi, vols. 1–6. Moscow, 1960–70.
Bland, D. A History of Book Illustration, Cleveland-New York, 1958.
Lewis, V. The Twentieth Century Book. London, 1967.G. L. DEMOSFENOVA illustration
illustration Medical communication A photograph, print, drawing, plate, diagram, facsimile, map, table, or other representation or systematic arrangement of data designed to elucidate or decorate the contents of a publication. See National Library of Medicine. Illustration
IllustrationA graphic design or image. An illustration may be in a book, magazine, advertisement or in any number of other media. An illustration is usually distinguished from a photograph. They frequently are used in marketing, as images may affect purchasing decisions.AcronymsSeeillustrateillustration
Synonyms for illustrationnoun exampleSynonyms- example
- case
- instance
- sample
- explanation
- demonstration
- interpretation
- specimen
- analogy
- clarification
- case in point
- exemplar
- elucidation
- exemplification
noun pictureSynonyms- picture
- drawing
- painting
- image
- print
- plate
- figure
- portrait
- representation
- sketch
- decoration
- portrayal
- likeness
- adornment
Synonyms for illustrationnoun something that serves to explain or clarifySynonyms- clarification
- construction
- decipherment
- elucidation
- exegesis
- explanation
- explication
- exposition
- illumination
- interpretation
- enucleation
noun one that is representative of a group or classSynonyms- case
- example
- instance
- representative
- sample
- specimen
Synonyms for illustrationnoun artwork that helps make something clear or attractiveRelated Words- legend
- caption
- artwork
- graphics
- nontextual matter
- art
- pictorial matter
- picture
- fig
- figure
noun showing by exampleSynonymsRelated Wordsnoun an item of information that is typical of a class or groupSynonyms- example
- instance
- representative
Related Words- information
- apology
- excuse
- exception
- case in point
- precedent
- quintessence
- sample
- specimen
noun a visual representation (a picture or diagram) that is used make some subject more pleasing or easier to understandRelated Words |