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DictionarySeehalophyteHalophytes
Halophytes plants growing in soils with a high salt content; for example, those along the seashore or in salt marshes. Halophytes are divided into three groups. (1) Salt plants (euhalophytes or true halophytes), the cells of which contain a protoplasm highly resistant to strong concentrations of salt (primarily sodium chloride and sodium sulfate), which they store in considerable quantities. They usually have fleshy leaves and stems. In the USSR prevalent salt plants are glasswort, herbaceous sea blite, and a number of desert semishrubs. (2) Crinohalophytes, which are able to excrete the salt accumulated in them by means of special glands covering the leaves and stems. In dry weather they are covered with a thick coating of salt, which is subsequently partly blown off by the wind and partly washed off by rain. This group includes such plants as sea lavender and tamarisk, which are found in semidesert and dry steppe regions. (3) Glycohalophytes, which have a root system absorbing only very little salt, so that no salt accumulates in their tissues. Among these are various wormwood plants that in the USSR cover vast expanses of salty semidesert. There are no real halophytes among cultivated plants, only plants having a greater or lesser resistance to salt. haloperidolenUK
haloperidol [hal″o-per´ĭ-dol] an antipsychotic agent" >antipsychotic agent of the butyrophenone group; used for the management of symptoms of psychoses and for control of the vocal utterances and tics of gilles de la tourette's syndrome" >gilles de la tourette's syndrome.haloperidol Apo-Haloperidol (CA), Dozic (UK), Novo-Peridol (CA), Peridol (CA), PMS Haloperidol (CA), Serenace (UK) haloperidol decanoate Haldol Decanoate 50, Haloperidol LA Omega (CA) haloperidol lactate Haldol Pharmacologic class: Butyrophenone Therapeutic class: Antipsychotic Pregnancy risk category C FDA Box Warning • Drug increased mortality in elderly patients with dementia-related psychosis. Although causes of death were varied, most appeared to be cardiovascular or infectious. Drug isn't approved for treatment of dementia-related psychosis. Action Unknown. Thought to block postsynaptic dopamine receptors in brain and increase dopamine turnover rate, inhibiting signs and symptoms of psychosis. Availability Injection (decanoate): 50 mg/ml, 100 mg/ml Injection (lactate): 5 mg/ml Oral concentrate (lactate): 2 mg/ml Tablets: 0.5 mg, 1 mg, 2 mg, 5 mg, 10 mg, 20 mg Indications and dosages ➣ Symptomatic treatment of psychotic disorders or Tourette syndrome Adults: For moderate symptoms, 0.5 to 2 mg P.O. two to three times daily. For severe symptoms or chronic or resistant disorder, 3 to 5 mg P.O. two to three times daily, to a maximum of 100 mg daily if needed. Adjust subsequent dosages carefully based on response and tolerance. Alternatively, 2 to 5 mg I.M. (lactate) may be given for prompt control of acutely agitated patient with moderate to severe symptoms; based on response, subsequent doses may be given q hour. ➣ Schizophrenia in patients who need prolonged parenteral antipsychotic therapy Adults: For patient previously stabilized on oral haloperidol, initial I.M. dose (decanoate) is 10 to 20 times the previous daily P.O. haloperidol equivalent, depending on patient's stability on low or high P.O. dosage. Initially, I.M. dosage shouldn't exceed 100 mg. If conversion requires dosage above 100 mg, give balance in 3 to 7 days. Maintenance dosage is 10 to 15 times the previous daily P.O. dosage, depending on response. ➣ Psychotic disorders Children ages 3 to 12 or weighing 15 to 40 kg (33 to 88 lb): 0.05 to 0.15 mg/kg/day P.O. in two or three divided doses. May be increased by 0.5 mg daily given in two or three divided doses at 5- to 7-day intervals, depending on response and tolerance. ➣ Nonpsychotic behavior disorder; Tourette syndrome; hyperactivity Children ages 3 to 12 or weighing 15 to 40 kg (33 to 88 lb): 0.05 to 0.075 mg/kg/day P.O. in two or three divided doses Dosage adjustment • Elderly or debilitated patients Off-label uses • Nausea and vomiting • Infantile autism • Intractable hiccups Contraindications • Hypersensitivity to drug, tartrazine, sesame oil, or benzyl alcohol (with some products) • Severe CNS depression or comatose states • Parkinson's disease Precautions Use cautiously in: • torsades de pointes, QT interval prolongation • patients with allergies • hepatic disease, bone marrow depression, cardiac disease, respiratory insufficiency, CNS tumors • history of seizures, patients receiving anticonvulsants, EEG abnormalities • concurrent anticoagulant use • elderly patients • pregnant or breastfeeding patients • children (parenteral form not recommended). Administration • Be aware that torsades de pointes and QT interval prolongation have occurred in patients receiving haloperidol, especially when drug is given I.V. or in doses higher than recommended. Haloperidol isn't approved for I.V. use. See Don't give decanoate form I.V. • Administer decanoate form by deep I.M. injection using 21G needle. Two injections may be necessary; maximum volume shouldn't exceed 3 ml. • Know that recommended interval between I.M. injections is 4 weeks. • Dilute oral concentrate in water, soda, or juice (orange, apple, tomato) immediately before administering. • Be aware that patient should be switched from parenteral form to oral form as soon as possible. • Know that parenteral form is not recommended in children.  Adverse reactions CNS: confusion, drowsiness, restlessness, extrapyramidal reactions, sedation, lethargy, insomnia, vertigo, tardive dyskinesia, seizures, neuroleptic malignant syndrome CV: hypotension, hypertension, tachycardia, ECG changes, torsades de pointes (with I.V. use) EENT: blurred vision, dry eyes GI: constipation, ileus, dry mouth, anorexia GU: urinary retention, menstrual irregularities, gynecomastia, priapism Hematologic: anemia, leukocytosis, leukopenia Hepatic: jaundice, drug-induced hepatitis Metabolic: galactorrhea Respiratory: dyspnea, respiratory depression, bronchospasm, laryngospasm Skin: diaphoresis, photosensitivity, rash Other: hyperpyrexia, hypersensitivity reactions Interactions Drug-drug. Antidepressants, antihistamines, atropine, disopyramide, phenothiazines, quinidine, other anticholinergics: additive anticholinergic effects Antihypertensives, nitrates: additive hypotension CNS depressants (including antihistamines, opioid analgesics, sedative-hypnotics): additive CNS depression Epinephrine: severe hypotension and tachycardia Levodopa, pergolide: decreased therapeutic effects of haloperidol Lithium: acute encephalopathic syndrome Methyldopa: dementia Rifampin: decreased haloperidol plasma level Drug-diagnostic tests. Alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, thyroid function tests: increased values Arterial blood gases, bicarbonate: altered values White blood cells: increased or decreased count Drug-herbs. Angel's trumpet, jimsonweed, scopolia: antagonism of cholinergic effects Chamomile, hops, kava, skullcap, valerian: increased CNS depression Nutmeg: reduced haloperidol efficacy Drug-behaviors. Acute alcohol ingestion: additive hypotension Patient monitoring See Monitor CNS status closely, especially for seizures and neuroleptic malignant syndrome (shown by extrapyramidal symptoms, hyperthermia, and autonomic disturbances). See Monitor cardiovascular status, particularly for ECG changes, blood pressure changes, torsades de pointes, and atypical rapid ventricular tachycardia, which may progress to ventricular fibrillation (with I.V. use). • Assess respiratory status. • Monitor liver function test results and CBC with white cell differential. • With prolonged use, assess for tardive dyskinesia (which may occur months or even years after starting drug). Patient teaching • Tell patient to dilute oral concentrate with water, cola, or juice immediately before taking. See Instruct patient to immediately report signs or symptoms of serious adverse reactions, such as unusual weakness, yellowing of skin or eyes, difficulty breathing, or symptoms of neuroleptic malignant syndrome (such as fever, muscle pain or rigidity, rapid or irregular pulse, increased sweating, change in urination pattern, or decreased mental acuity). • Advise patient to minimize GI upset by eating frequent, small servings of food and drinking adequate fluids. • As appropriate, review all other significant and life-threatening adverse reactions and interactions, especially those related to the drugs, tests, herbs, and behaviors mentioned above. haloperidol (hăl′ō-pĕr′ĭ-dôl′, -dŏl′, -dōl′)n. An antipsychotic drug, C21H23ClFNO2, often administered in its decanoate form, used in the treatment of schizophrenia and in the management of Tourette syndrome.haloperidol Haldol® Psychiatry A dopamine-blocking antipsychotic for treatment-refractory schizophrenia; it ↓ hallucinations, delusions, thought disturbances, ameliorates withdrawal and apathy, used to control Sx, and to prevent relapse; it may be used for Tourette syndrome Adverse effects Sedation, weight gain, extrapyramidal signs–which may be may be immediate–eg, parkinsonism, akathisia and acute dystonia, or late with long-term therapy–eg, tardive dyskinesia, 'rabbit' syndrome, orthostatic hypotension, cardiovascular, GI effects, potentially fatal neuroleptic malignant syndrome. See Neuroleptic malignant syndrome, Positive & Negative Symptom Scale, 'Rabbit syndrome, ' Schizophrenia. Cf Clozapine. haloperidol A butyrophenone drug used in the treatment of psychiatric disorders. It is similar in its effects to the PHENOTHIAZINE derivative drugs. The drug is on the WHO official list. Brand names are Dozic, Haldol, Haloperidol and Serenace. |