ground

ground¹

G0281000 (ground)n.1. a. The solid surface of the earth.b. The floor of a body of water, especially the sea.2. Soil; earth: level the ground for a lawn.3. often grounds An area of land designated for a particular purpose: a burial ground; parade grounds.4. often grounds The land surrounding or forming part of a house or another building: a guesthouse on the grounds of the mansion.5. An area or a position that is contested in or as if in battle: The soldiers held their ground against the enemy. Character witnesses helped the defendant stand her ground in the trial.6. Something that serves as a foundation or means of attachment for something else: a ground of white paint under the mural.7. A surrounding area; a background.8. often grounds The foundation for an argument, belief, or action; a basis.9. often grounds The underlying condition prompting an action; a cause: grounds for suspicion; a ground for divorce. See Synonyms at base¹.10. An area of reference or discussion; a subject: The professor covered new ground in every lecture.11. groundsa. The sediment at or from the bottom of a liquid: coffee grounds.b. Particles of ground coffee beans for use in making coffee for drinking.12. Electricity a. A large conducting body, such as the earth or an electric circuit connected to the earth, used as an arbitrary zero of potential.b. A conducting object, such as a wire, that is connected to such a position of zero potential.13. A mesh background upon which patterns are worked in lace-making.v. ground·ed, ground·ing, grounds v.tr.1. To place on or cause to touch the ground.2. To provide a basis for (a theory, for example); justify.3. To supply with basic information; instruct in fundamentals.4. a. To prevent (an aircraft or a pilot) from flying.b. Informal To restrict (someone) especially to a certain place as a punishment.5. Electricity To connect (an electric circuit) to a ground.6. Nautical To run (a vessel) aground.7. a. Baseball To hit (a ball) onto the ground.b. Football To throw (a ball) to the ground in order to stop play and avoid being tackled behind the line of scrimmage.v.intr.1. To touch or reach the ground.2. Baseball To hit a ground ball: grounded to the second baseman.3. Nautical To run aground.Phrasal Verb: ground out Baseball To be put out by hitting a ground ball that is fielded and thrown to first base.Idioms: drive/run into the ground To belabor (an issue or a subject). from the ground up From the most basic level to the highest level; completely: designed the house from the ground up; learned the family business from the ground up. off the ground Under way, as if in flight: Because of legal difficulties, the construction project never got off the ground. on (one's) own ground In a situation where one has knowledge or competence: a sculptor back on her own ground after experiments with painting. on the ground At a place that is exciting, interesting, or important: a reporter who wanted to be on the ground when the story broke. to ground1. Into a den or burrow: a fox going to ground.2. Into hiding.

[Middle English, from Old English grund.]

ground²

G0281000 (ground)v.Past tense and past participle of grind.

ground

(ɡraʊnd) n1. (Physical Geography) the land surface2. earth or soil: he dug into the ground outside his house. 3. (plural) the land around a dwelling house or other building4. (sometimes plural) an area of land given over to a purpose: football ground; burial grounds. 5. land having a particular characteristic: level ground; high ground. 6. matter for consideration or debate; field of research or inquiry: the lecture was familiar ground to him; the report covered a lot of ground. 7. a position or viewpoint, as in an argument or controversy (esp in the phrases give ground, hold, stand, or shift one's ground)8. position or advantage, as in a subject or competition (esp in the phrases gain ground, lose ground, etc)9. (often plural) reason; justification: grounds for complaint. 10. (Art Terms) arts a. the prepared surface applied to the support of a painting, such as a wall, canvas, etc, to prevent it reacting with or absorbing the paintb. the support of a paintingc. the background of a painting or main surface against which the other parts of a work of art appear superimposed11. (Art Terms) a. the first coat of paint applied to a surfaceb. (as modifier): ground colour. 12. (Physical Geography) the bottom of a river or the sea13. (plural) sediment or dregs, esp from coffee14. (Building) chiefly Brit the floor of a room15. (Cricket) cricket a. the area from the popping crease back past the stumps, in which a batsman may legally standb. ground staff16. (Music, other) See ground bass17. (Textiles) a mesh or network supporting the main pattern of a piece of lace18. (General Physics) electrical a. a connection between an electrical circuit or device and the earth, which is at zero potentialb. Also called: earth a terminal to which this connection is made19. above ground alive20. below ground dead and buried21. break new ground to do something that has not been done before22. cut the ground from under someone's feet to anticipate someone's action or argument and thus make it irrelevant or meaningless23. to the ground down to the ground informal Brit completely; absolutely: it suited him down to the ground. 24. get off the ground informal to make a beginning, esp one that is successful25. go to ground to go into hiding26. hit the ground running to make immediate and rapid progress: They have worked hard and hit the ground running. 27. into the ground beyond what is requisite or can be endured; to exhaustion28. meet someone on his own ground to meet someone according to terms he has laid down himself29. the high ground the moral high ground a position of moral or ethical superiority in a dispute30. (Nautical Terms) (of a ship) to strike the sea bed31. to arrive at something solid or stable after discussing or dealing with topics that are abstract or inconclusive32. (modifier) situated on, living on, or used on the ground: ground frost; ground forces. 33. (modifier) concerned with or operating on the ground, esp as distinct from in the air: ground crew; ground hostess. 34. (Botany) (modifier) (used in names of plants) low-growing and often trailing or spreadingvb35. (tr) to put or place on the ground36. (tr) to instruct in fundamentals37. (tr) to provide a basis or foundation for; establish38. (Aeronautics) (tr) to confine (an aircraft, pilot, etc) to the ground39. (tr) informal to confine (a child) to the house as a punishment40. (Electrical Engineering) the usual US word for earth¹⁶41. (Nautical Terms) (tr) nautical to run (a vessel) aground42. (Art Terms) (tr) to cover (a surface) with a preparatory coat of paint43. (intr) to hit or reach the ground[Old English grund; related to Old Norse grunn shallow, grunnr, grund plain, Old High German grunt]

ground

(ɡraʊnd) vb the past tense and past participle of grindadj1. (Mechanical Engineering) having the surface finished, thickness reduced, or an edge sharpened by grinding2. (Mechanical Engineering) reduced to fine particles by grinding

ground¹

(graʊnd)

n. 1. the solid surface of the earth; firm or dry land. 2. earth or soil: stony ground. 3. land having an indicated character: rising ground. 4. Often, grounds. a tract of land appropriated to a special use: picnic grounds; a hunting ground. 5. Often, grounds. the foundation or basis on which a belief or action rests; reason or cause: grounds for dismissal. 6. subject for discussion; topic: to go repeatedly over the same ground. 7. rational or factual support for one's position or attitude, as in a debate or argument: on firm ground. 8. the main surface or background in painting, decorative work, lace, etc. 9. the background in a visual field, contrasted with the figure. 10. a coating of a substance serving as a surface to be worked on, as in painting or etching. 11. grounds, dregs or sediment: coffee grounds. 12. grounds, the gardens, lawn, etc., surrounding and belonging to a building. 13. a conducting connection between an electric circuit or equipment and the earth or some other conducting body. 14. the bottom of a body of water. 15. the earth's solid or liquid surface; land or water. 16. ground bass. adj. 17. situated on, at, or near the surface of the earth: a ground attack. 18. pertaining to the ground. 19. operating on land: ground forces. v.t. 20. to lay or set on the ground. 21. to place on a foundation; fix firmly; settle or establish; found. 22. to instruct in elements or first principles: to ground students in science. 23. to furnish with a ground or background, as on decorative work. 24. to cover (wallpaper) with colors or other materials before printing. 25. to establish a ground for (an electric circuit, device, etc.). 26. to cause (a vessel) to run aground. 27. to restrict (an aircraft or pilot) to the ground; prevent from flying. 28. Informal. to restrict the activities, esp. the social activities, of, usu. as a punishment. v.i. 29. to come to or strike the ground. 30. to hit a ground ball in baseball. 31. ground out, Baseball. to be put out at first base after hitting a ground ball to the infield. Idioms: 1. break ground, a. to plow. b. to begin excavation for a construction project. c. Also, break new ground. to do something original or innovative. 2. cover ground, a. to travel over a certain area. b. to make some progress. 3. from the ground up, a. gradually from the most elementary level to the highest level. b. extensively; thoroughly. 4. gain ground, a. to make progress; advance. b. to gain approval or acceptance. 5. give ground, to yield to a superior force or forceful argument; retreat. 6. hold or stand one's ground, to maintain one's position; be steadfast. 7. lose ground, to lose one's advantage; fail to advance. 8. off the ground, into action or well under way: The play never got off the ground. 9. on one's own ground, in an area or situation that one knows well. 10. on the ground, at the place of interest or importance: the situation on the ground. 11. shift ground, to change position in an argument or situation. 12. to ground, a. into a den, burrow, shelter, or the like: a fox gone to ground. b. into concealment or hiding. Idioms: take the high ground, to take a position of advantage or superiority. [before 900; Middle English; Old English grund, c. Old Frisian, Old Saxon grund, Old High German grunt]

ground²

(graʊnd)

v. 1. a pt. and pp. of grind. adj. 2. reduced to fine particles by grinding. 3. having the surface abraded or roughened by or as if by grinding.

ground

(ground)1. The solid surface of the Earth; land.2. A connection between an electrical conductor and the Earth.3. A point in an electrical system where the voltage is zero.

floor

ground1. 'floor'

The floor of a room is the flat part you walk on.

The book fell to the floor.

A floor of a building is all the rooms on a particular level.

I went up the stairs to the third floor.

You say that something is on a particular floor.

My office is on the second floor.

Be Careful!
Don't say that something is 'in' a particular floor.

See ground floor - first floor2. 'ground'

You don't normally refer to the surface of the earth as the 'floor'. You call it the ground.

He set down his backpack on the ground.The ground was very wet and muddy.

However, the surface of the earth in a forest is sometimes referred to as the forest floor, and the land under the sea is sometimes called the sea floor or the ocean floor.

The forest floor is not rich in vegetation.Some species are mainly found on the sea floor.

ground

Past participle: grounded
Gerund: grounding

Imperative
ground
ground

Present
I ground
you ground
he/she/it grounds
we ground
you ground
they ground

Preterite
I grounded
you grounded
he/she/it grounded
we grounded
you grounded
they grounded

Present Continuous
I am grounding
you are grounding
he/she/it is grounding
we are grounding
you are grounding
they are grounding

Present Perfect
I have grounded
you have grounded
he/she/it has grounded
we have grounded
you have grounded
they have grounded

Past Continuous
I was grounding
you were grounding
he/she/it was grounding
we were grounding
you were grounding
they were grounding

Past Perfect
I had grounded
you had grounded
he/she/it had grounded
we had grounded
you had grounded
they had grounded

Future
I will ground
you will ground
he/she/it will ground
we will ground
you will ground
they will ground

Future Perfect
I will have grounded
you will have grounded
he/she/it will have grounded
we will have grounded
you will have grounded
they will have grounded

Future Continuous
I will be grounding
you will be grounding
he/she/it will be grounding
we will be grounding
you will be grounding
they will be grounding

Present Perfect Continuous
I have been grounding
you have been grounding
he/she/it has been grounding
we have been grounding
you have been grounding
they have been grounding

Future Perfect Continuous
I will have been grounding
you will have been grounding
he/she/it will have been grounding
we will have been grounding
you will have been grounding
they will have been grounding

Past Perfect Continuous
I had been grounding
you had been grounding
he/she/it had been grounding
we had been grounding
you had been grounding
they had been grounding

Conditional
I would ground
you would ground
he/she/it would ground
we would ground
you would ground
they would ground

Past Conditional
I would have grounded
you would have grounded
he/she/it would have grounded
we would have grounded
you would have grounded
they would have grounded

Thesaurus

Noun	1.	ground - the solid part of the earth's surface; "the plane turned away from the sea and moved back over land"; "the earth shook for several minutes"; "he dropped the logs on the ground"dry land, solid ground, terra firma, earth, landobject, physical object - a tangible and visible entity; an entity that can cast a shadow; "it was full of rackets, balls and other objects"archipelago - a group of many islands in a large body of waterbeachfront - a strip of land running along a beachcape, ness - a strip of land projecting into a body of watercoastal plain - a plain adjacent to a coastearth, globe, world - the 3rd planet from the sun; the planet we live on; "the Earth moves around the sun"; "he sailed around the world"floor - the ground on which people and animals move about; "the fire spared the forest floor"foreland - land forming the forward margin of somethingtimberland, woodland, forest, timber - land that is covered with trees and shrubsisland - a land mass (smaller than a continent) that is surrounded by wateristhmus - a relatively narrow strip of land (with water on both sides) connecting two larger land areasland mass, landmass - a large continuous extent of landmainland - the main land mass of a country or continent; as distinguished from an island or peninsulaneck - a narrow elongated projecting strip of landoxbow - the land inside an oxbow bend in a riverpeninsula - a large mass of land projecting into a body of waterchampaign, plain, field - extensive tract of level open land; "they emerged from the woods onto a vast open plain"; "he longed for the fields of his youth"slash - an open tract of land in a forest that is strewn with debris from logging (or fire or wind)wonderland - a place or scene of great or strange beauty or wonder
	2.	ground - a rational motive for a belief or action; "the reason that war was declared"; "the grounds for their declaration"reasonrational motive - a motive that can be defended by reasoning or logical argumentoccasion - reason; "there was no occasion for complaint"account, score - grounds; "don't do it on my account"; "the paper was rejected on account of its length"; "he tried to blame the victim but his success on that score was doubtful"wherefore, why - the cause or intention underlying an action or situation, especially in the phrase `the whys and wherefores'
	3.	ground - the loose soft material that makes up a large part of the land surface; "they dug into the earth outside the church"earthmoraine - accumulated earth and stones deposited by a glaciermaterial, stuff - the tangible substance that goes into the makeup of a physical object; "coal is a hard black material"; "wheat is the stuff they use to make bread"diatomaceous earth, diatomite, kieselguhr - a light soil consisting of siliceous diatom remains and often used as a filtering materialsaprolite - a deposit of clay and disintegrating rock that is found in its original placedirt, soil - the part of the earth's surface consisting of humus and disintegrated rock
	4.	ground - a relation that provides the foundation for something; "they were on a friendly footing"; "he worked on an interim basis"basis, footingfoundation - the basis on which something is grounded; "there is little foundation for his objections"common ground - a basis agreed to by all parties for reaching a mutual understanding
	5.	ground - a position to be won or defended in battle (or as if in battle); "they gained ground step by step"; "they fought to regain the lost ground"military position, position - a point occupied by troops for tactical reasons
	6.	ground - the part of a scene (or picture) that lies behind objects in the foreground; "he posed her against a background of rolling hills"backgroundpanorama, vista, view, aspect, scene, prospect - the visual percept of a region; "the most desirable feature of the park are the beautiful views"
	7.	ground - material in the top layer of the surface of the earth in which plants can grow (especially with reference to its quality or use); "the land had never been plowed"; "good agricultural soil"land, soilobject, physical object - a tangible and visible entity; an entity that can cast a shadow; "it was full of rackets, balls and other objects"badlands - deeply eroded barren landbottomland, bottom - low-lying alluvial land near a rivercoastland - land in a coastal areaploughland, plowland, tillage, tilled land, cultivated land, farmland, tilth - arable land that is worked by plowing and sowing and raising cropsoverburden - the surface soil that must be moved away to get at coal seams and mineral depositspermafrost - ground that is permanently frozenpolder - low-lying land that has been reclaimed and is protected by dikes (especially in the Netherlands)rangeland - land suitable for grazing livestockscablands - (geology) flat elevated land with poor soil and little vegetation that is scarred by dry channels of glacial origin (especially in eastern Washington)greensward, sod, sward, turf - surface layer of ground containing a mat of grass and grass rootswetland - a low area where the land is saturated with water
	8.	ground - a relatively homogeneous percept extending back of the figure on which attention is focusedpercept, perception, perceptual experience - the representation of what is perceived; basic component in the formation of a conceptfigure - a unitary percept having structure and coherence that is the object of attention and that stands out against a ground
	9.	ground - a connection between an electrical device and a large conducting body, such as the earth (which is taken to be at zero voltage)earthconnecter, connector, connective, connection, connexion - an instrumentality that connects; "he soldered the connection"; "he didn't have the right connector between the amplifier and the speakers"electricity - a physical phenomenon associated with stationary or moving electrons and protons
	10.	ground - (art) the surface (as a wall or canvas) prepared to take the paint for a paintingartistic creation, artistic production, art - the creation of beautiful or significant things; "art does not need to be innovative to be good"; "I was never any good at art"; "he said that architecture is the art of wasting space beautifully"surface - the outer boundary of an artifact or a material layer constituting or resembling such a boundary; "there is a special cleaner for these surfaces"; "the cloth had a pattern of red dots on a white surface"
	11.	ground - the first or preliminary coat of paint or size applied to a surfaceflat coat, primer coat, priming coat, undercoat, priming, primercoat of paint - a layer of paint covering something elsecouch - a flat coat of paint or varnish used by artists as a primer
Verb	1.	ground - fix firmly and stably; "anchor the lamppost in concrete"anchorfasten, fix, secure - cause to be firmly attached; "fasten the lock onto the door"; "she fixed her gaze on the man"
	2.	ground - confine or restrict to the ground; "After the accident, they grounded the plane and the pilot"restrain, confine, hold - to close within bounds, limit or hold back from movement; "This holds the local until the express passengers change trains"; "About a dozen animals were held inside the stockade"; "The illegal immigrants were held at a detention center"; "The terrorists held the journalists for ransom"
	3.	ground - place or put on the groundlay, place, put, set, position, pose - put into a certain place or abstract location; "Put your things here"; "Set the tray down"; "Set the dogs on the scent of the missing children"; "Place emphasis on a certain point"
	4.	ground - instruct someone in the fundamentals of a subjectinstruct, teach, learn - impart skills or knowledge to; "I taught them French"; "He instructed me in building a boat"
	5.	ground - bring to the ground; "the storm grounded the ship"run aground, strandland - bring ashore; "The drug smugglers landed the heroin on the beach of the island"
	6.	ground - hit or reach the groundrun agroundarrive at, reach, attain, gain, hit, make - reach a destination, either real or abstract; "We hit Detroit by noon"; "The water reached the doorstep"; "We barely made it to the finish line"; "I have to hit the MAC machine before the weekend starts"
	7.	ground - throw to the ground in order to stop play and avoid being tackled behind the line of scrimmagefootball, football game - any of various games played with a ball (round or oval) in which two teams try to kick or carry or propel the ball into each other's goalground - hit onto the groundthrow - propel through the air; "throw a frisbee"
	8.	ground - hit a groundball; "he grounded to the second baseman"baseball, baseball game - a ball game played with a bat and ball between two teams of nine players; teams take turns at bat trying to score runs; "he played baseball in high school"; "there was a baseball game on every empty lot"; "there was a desire for National League ball in the area"; "play ball!"hit - cause to move by striking; "hit a ball"ground - hit onto the ground
	9.	ground - hit onto the groundbaseball, baseball game - a ball game played with a bat and ball between two teams of nine players; teams take turns at bat trying to score runs; "he played baseball in high school"; "there was a baseball game on every empty lot"; "there was a desire for National League ball in the area"; "play ball!"hit - cause to move by striking; "hit a ball"ground - hit a groundball; "he grounded to the second baseman"ground - throw to the ground in order to stop play and avoid being tackled behind the line of scrimmage
	10.	ground - cover with a primer; apply a primer toundercoat, primepaint - apply paint to; coat with paint; "We painted the rooms yellow"
	11.	ground - connect to a ground; "ground the electrical connections for safety reasons"earth - connect to the earth; "earth the circuit"connect, link, link up, tie - connect, fasten, or put together two or more pieces; "Can you connect the two loudspeakers?"; "Tie the ropes together"; "Link arms"
	12.	ground - use as a basis for; found on; "base a claim on some observation"base, found, establishbuild - found or ground; "build a defense on nothing but the accused person's reputation"

ground

noun1. earth, land, dry land, terra firma We slid down the roof and dropped to the ground.2. soil, earth, dust, mould, dirt, terrain, sod, clod, loam the marshy ground of the river delta3. land, country, field, turf, terrain, area, tract a stretch of waste ground4. arena, pitch, stadium, park (informal), field, enclosure the city's football groundplural noun1. estate, holding, land, fields, gardens, property, district, territory, domain the palace grounds2. reason, cause, basis, argument, call, base, occasion, foundation, excuse, premise, motive, justification, rationale, inducement In the interview he gave some grounds for optimism.3. dregs, lees, deposit, sediment Place the coffee grounds in the bottom and pour hot water over them.verb1. base, found, establish, set, settle, fix Her argument was grounded in fact.2. instruct, train, prepare, coach, teach, inform, initiate, tutor, acquaint with, familiarize with Make sure the children are properly grounded in the basics.

ground

noun1. The lowest or supporting part or structure:base, basis, bed, bottom, foot, footing, foundation, fundament, groundwork, seat, substratum, underpinning (often used in plural).2. That on which something immaterial, such as an argument or a charge, rests.Often used in plural:base, basis, footing, foundation, fundament, groundwork, underpinning (often used in plural).3. A basis for an action or a decision.Often used in plural:cause, motivation, motive, reason, spring.4. A fact or circumstance that gives logical support to an assertion, claim, or proposal.Often used in plural:argument, proof, reason, wherefore, why.Idiom: why and wherefore.5. That which provides a reason or justification.Often used in plural:call, cause, justification, necessity, occasion, reason, wherefore, why.Idiom: why and wherefore.verb1. To cause to fall, as from a shot or blow:bring down, cut down, down, drop, fell, flatten, floor, knock down, level, prostrate, strike down, throw.Slang: deck.Idiom: lay low.2. To provide a basis for:base, build, establish, found, predicate, rest, root, underpin.

Translations

基于地面场地使停飞使搁浅

ground²

(graund) noun1. the solid surface of the Earth. lying on the ground; high ground.地面2. a piece of land used for some purpose. a football ground. ...场、场地（如:足球场） verb1. to base. His argument is grounded on a series of wrong assumptions.基于2. to (cause a ship to) hit the seabed or shore and remain stuck. 使搁浅3. to prevent (an aeroplane, pilot) from flying. All planes have been grounded because of the fog.使停飞ˈgrounding noun the teaching of the basic facts of a subject. a good grounding in mathematics.基础训练ˈgroundless adjective without reason. Your fears are groundless. 无理由的，无根据的 grounds noun plural1. the garden or land round a large house etc. the castle grounds. 庭园，场地 2. good reasons. Have you any grounds for calling him a liar?理由3. the powder which remains in a cup (eg of coffee) which one has drunk. coffee grounds.渣滓ground floor the rooms of a building which are at street level. My office is on the ground floor; (also adjective) a ground-floor flat. （建築物的）底层 groundnutpeanutˈgroundwork noun work done in preparation for beginning a project etc. 基础break new ground to deal with a subject for the first time. 开辟新天地cover ground to deal with a certain amount of work etc. We've covered a lot of ground at this morning's meeting.完成一定量的工作get (something) off the ground to get (a project etc) started. 开始或从事某工作，使开始 hold one's ground to refuse to move back or retreat when attacked. Although many were killed, the soldiers held their ground.坚守阵地lose ground to (be forced to) move back or retreat. The general sent in reinforcements when he saw that his troops were losing ground. 败退，失利，退却

ground

→ 地面zhCN, 基于zhCN

Do you have any bedrooms on the first floor? (US)
Do you have any bedrooms on the ground floor? (UK) → 一楼有客房吗？

ground

¹1. the land surface 2. Artsa. the prepared surface applied to the support of a painting, such as a wall, canvas, etc., to prevent it reacting with or absorbing the paint b. the support of a painting c. the background of a painting or main surface against which the other parts of a work of art appear superimposed 3. a. the first coat of paint applied to a surface b. (as modifier): ground colour 4. the bottom of a river or the sea 5. Cricketa. the area from the popping crease back past the stumps, in which a batsman may legally stand b. ground staff 6. See ground bass7. a mesh or network supporting the main pattern of a piece of lace 8. Electrical US and Canadiana. a connection between an electrical circuit or device and the earth, which is at zero potential b. a terminal to which this connection is made 9. touch ground (of a ship) to strike the sea bed 10. (used in names of plants) low-growing and often trailing or spreading

ground

²1. having the surface finished, thickness reduced, or an edge sharpened by grinding 2. reduced to fine particles by grinding

Ground

A piece of wood or metal embedded in and flush with the plastering of walls to which moldings, skirting, and other joiners work is attached. Also used to stop plastering around door and window openings. Also, an electrical conductor in contact with the earth, such as a steel pipe containing a cold water line that runs underground and also the continuation of a circuit back to the supply source, which is grounded at some point in its run. Its purpose is to conduct electricity to a harmless location should a fault in the circuit occur, causing possible lethal harm.

Ground

any rocks lying chiefly in the weathering zone (including soil) and used by man for engineering and construction purposes. Ground can be used as the foundation of buildings and of various engineering projects, as material for construction (roads, embankments, dams), and as a medium for the placement of underground structures (tunnels, pipelines, storage facilities). Ground is subdivided into rocky ground and loose ground (nonrocky ground according to the classification adopted in the Construction Standards and Rules).

Rocky ground includes igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks with the grains rigidly bound together. These rocks occur in the form of a monolithic or fractured mass.

Loose (nonrocky) ground may be coarsely fragmental (noncemented), with more than half by mass of the rock fragments more than 2 mm in size, for example, debris (pebbles if rounded particles predominate). Or it may be finer ground, or gruss (gravel if rounded particles are dominant). There is also sandy ground, free-flowing when dry, lacking in plasticity, and with more than 80 percent by mass of the particles 2 mm to 0.05 mm (according to the classification adopted in Construction Standards and Rules, with less than 50 percent by mass of the particles larger than 2 mm).

Ground may be sandy, loessial. or clayey. Sandy ground may be further subdivided into gravelly, coarse, medium, fine, and silty ground. Loessial ground, in which silty particles from 0.001 to 0.05 mm predominate, often has the capacity to settle, that is, it can become more compact when wetted without change in the stress applied to it. Clayey ground, may be subdivided according to the amount of clay particles (less than 0.001 mm) into sandy loam, loam, and clay (according to the Construction Standards and Rules, the division of clay ground into sandy loam, loam, and clay is based on plastic properties). Clayey ground swells and becomes plastic when moistened. In its initial stage of formation clay ground, which originates as structured sediment in water in the presence of microbiological processes and which possesses a high moisture content and porosity, is called ooze. The various types of ground are studied in soil mechanics both as specific natural and historical formations whose properties depend on their genesis, on subsequent epigenetic processes, and on their recent modes of occurrence and as multiphase systems that change with time. Investigation of the properties of ground also includes the study of its composition, structure, texture, and physical environmental conditions (temperature, pressure, and so forth). The quality of ground is determined by its composition, structure, and texture. The structure may be defined as the regular arrangement of mineral particles and aggregates, differing in size and shape, into which ground may disintegrate; this arrangement is determined by the nature of the internal bonds. The texture of ground is the sum of the features characterizing the heterogeneity of the structure of the ground mass in a stratum. Among the most important properties of ground are its physical properties (specific mass and volumetric mass, porosity, plasticity, shrinkage, water permeability, electric conductivity) its physicochemical properties (adsorbing capacity, thixotropy), and its physicomechanical properties (shearing strength, capacity for deformation). From the practical standpoint, the most important properties of ground are the deformation and stability characteristics of its behavior under external stress. Thermal properties are important for frozen, freezing, or thawing ground. The petrographic characteristics of ground and their properties are studied under laboratory and field conditions both in samples and as a mass. The terms “properties of ground” and the “engineering and geological properties of rocks” are analogous.

In order to determine the location and thickness of strata and the groundwater level, which greatly influence the condition and properties of the ground, the latter is tested at a construction site by drilling, pitting, sounding, and geophysical methods. The properties of ground may be improved by adding cementing and binding agents, mechanical packing, draining, firing, freezing, and so forth.

REFERENCES

Gruntovedenie, 3rd ed. Edited by E. M. Sergeev. Moscow, 1971.
Sergeev, E. M. Gruntovedenie. 2nd ed. Moscow, 1959.
Tsytovich, N.A. Mekhanika gruntov. Moscow, 1963.
Larionov, A. K. Inzhenerno-geologicheskoe izuchenie struktury rykhlykh osadochnykh porod. Moscow, 1966. “Stroitel’nye normy i pravila.” part 2, section B, chapter I. Osnovaniia zdanii i sooruzhenii. Moscow, 1962.
Metodicheskoe posobie po inzhenerno-geologicheskomu izucheniu gornykh porod, vols. 1–2. Moscow, 1968.

E. M. SERGEEV and M. V. MALYSHEV

Ground

in painting), the intermediate layer that is applied to the support, that is, the surface of a wall, wooden panel, canvas, or paperboard in order to ensure that the paint layer will adhere to the surface and also to create the desired color background (white, brown, gray) and texture (smooth, grainy) in a painting. The main component of ground is a powdery substance, such as chalk, gypsum, lime, white lead, or zinc white, combined with glue, oil, or oil emulsions.

Depending on their main component, grounds may be divided into chalk, gypsum, lime grounds, and so forth. Classified according to their base, grounds may be glue, oil, or emulsion grounds. In mural painting, clay, gypsum, and lime grounds (of one or many layers) have been used since ancient times, and cement ground has also been employed since the ninth century. In ancient and medieval easel and miniature painting, chalk and gypsum grounds with animal-glue bases were used. With the development of oil painting in the 15th century emulsion and oil grounds (of one or many layers) came into use along with clay ground. In Russian medieval mural and icon painting, as well as in painted and gilded wood carving, the ground used was called levkas.

Ground in graphic art is the acid-resistant coating applied to the metal plate in some types of engraving (such as etching or aquatint) in order to render certain areas impervious to the biting action of the acid.

REFERENCES

Tiutiunnik, V. V. Gruntovannyi kholst tilia maslianoi zhivopisi. Moscow, 1949.
Kiplik, D. I. Tekhnika zhivopisi, 6th ed. Moscow-Leningrad. 1950.
Slansky. B. Tekhnika Zhivopisi: Zhivoposnye materialy. Moscow, 1962. (Translated from Czech.)

V. V. FILATOV and A. S. ZAITSEV

Ground

an installation used in connecting apparatus, machinery, and instruments to the earth. It consists of metal electrodes buried in the earth (ground electrodes) and the conductors connecting these ground electrodes to the grounded parts of the equipment.

Ground electrodes may be in the form of steel pipes driven vertically into the ground (for high-voltage electrical installations there may be dozens of pipes), rails, or horizontally laid steel or copper strips or wires. To reduce earth resistance, the ground electrodes should be placed at the level of the ground water. In broadcasting stations with mast antennas, the ground is built as a net consisting of 100–120 sections of wire extending radially from the foundation of the mast. The sections have a length equal to 0.35–0.50 wavelengths of the transmitter and are buried 15–20 cm deep in the earth. A steel cable or chain is sometimes used as a ground electrode—for example, in removing an induced static charge from gasoline tank trucks. In electrical systems a distinction is made among operating grounds (for example, the neutral of a transformer), protective grounds (for example, grounding of machine and apparatus housings), and lightning-protection grounds (for example, lightning rods and arresters).

In protective grounding installations it is imperative to keep to the lowest possible value the voltages to which operating personnel could be exposed if a short circuit occurred in electrical installation (contact and step voltages). This is achieved by lowering the resistance of the grounding electrodes and by equalizing the potential distribution in the area of the grounded equipment. Lightning-protection ground is intended to protect electrical equipment from the effects of lightning current; such ground is designed for currents up to 200 kiloamperes and for pulse durations of a fraction of a second.

REFERENCES

Ollendorf, F. Toki v zemle: Teoriia zazemlenii. Moscow-Leningrad, 1932. (Translated from German.)
Tekhnika vysokikh napriazhenii. Edited by D. V. Razevig. Moscow-Leningrad, 1963.
Oslon, A. B. “Zazemliaiushdiie ustroistva na liniiakh elektroperedachi i podstantsiiakh vysokogo napriazheniia.” In Elektricheskie stantsii, seti i sistemy. Moscow, 1966.

D. V. RAZEVIG

ground

[grau̇nd] (aerospace engineering) To forbid (an aircraft or individual) to fly, usually for a relatively short time. (electricity) A conducting path, intentional or accidental, between an electric circuit or equipment and the earth, or some conducting body serving in place of the earth. Abbreviated gnd. Also known as earth (British usage); earth connection. To connect electrical equipment to the earth or to some conducting body which serves in place of the earth. (geology) Any rock or rock material. A mineralized deposit. Rock in which a mineral deposit occurs. (navigation) To touch bottom or run aground; in a serious grounding, the vessel is said to strand.

ground

ground, 2 1. A nailing strip fixed in a masonry or concrete wall as a means of attaching wood trim or furring strips; also called a common ground, rough ground, fixing, fixing fillet, fixing slip.2. A plaster ground.3. The side of an electric circuit connected to the earth, used as a common return.

ground

A reference voltage level of "zero potential" for electric and electronic circuits. For most equipment plugged into an AC outlet, the word ground generally refers to the earth, and the metal parts are grounded ("chassis ground") to the earth for safety. In the case of a short circuit, the current flows through the green wire and third prong in the power cord (U.S. and Canada), which causes the circuit breaker to trip.

Signal Ground
Power supplies, circuit boards and signal pathways in most electronic equipment are also connected to the same earth ground as the chassis for reference voltage and safety. There are exceptions; for example, medical equipment that is attached to a patient is generally isolated from earth ground even when plugged in, because the time between a short circuit and the breaker tripping could prove fatal. Ethernet adapters and other networking equipment are also isolated from earth ground in order to prevent unbalanced ground loops from causing interference (see ground loop).

Portable Devices
Every portable, battery-operated device, such as a laptop and iPod, as well as the electrical systems in every vehicle, have their own zero reference voltage. Naturally, these systems are not connected to earth ground, but the reference voltage is still called ground.

Building Grounds
At the electric panel in U.S. and Canadian buildings, the ground lines are wired to the neutral line of the electric service, to the earth via a ground rod and to the metal plumbing pipes. In large datacenters, a separate ground system may connect every server via heavy-duty cable to the metal structure of the building to ensure that the voltage reference between all equipment is the same. See ground loop.

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Synonyms for ground

noun earth

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noun soil

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noun land

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noun arena

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noun estate

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noun reason

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noun dregs

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verb base

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verb instruct

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noun the lowest or supporting part or structure

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noun that on which something immaterial, such as an argument or a charge, rests

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noun a basis for an action or a decision

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noun a fact or circumstance that gives logical support to an assertion, claim, or proposal

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noun that which provides a reason or justification

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verb to cause to fall, as from a shot or blow

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verb to provide a basis for

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Synonyms for ground

noun the solid part of the earth's surface

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noun a rational motive for a belief or action

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noun the loose soft material that makes up a large part of the land surface

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noun a relation that provides the foundation for something

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noun a position to be won or defended in battle (or as if in battle)

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