independence

In·de·pen·dence

I0099400 (ĭn′dĭ-pĕn′dəns) A city of western Missouri, a suburb of Kansas City. It was a starting point for the Santa Fe and Oregon Trails during the 1800s.

in·de·pen·dence

I0099400 (ĭn′dĭ-pĕn′dəns)n.1. The state or quality of being independent.2. Archaic Sufficient income for comfortable self-support; a competence.

independence

(ˌɪndɪˈpɛndəns) nthe state or quality of being independent. Also called: independency

Independence

(ˌɪndɪˈpɛndəns) n (Placename) a city in W Missouri, near Kansas City: starting point for the Santa Fe, Oregon, and California Trails (1831–44). Pop: 112 079 (2003 est)

in•de•pend•ence

(ˌɪn dɪˈpɛn dəns)

n. 1. the quality or state of being independent. 2. Archaic. a sufficient income; competence. [1630–40]

In•de•pend•ence

(ˌɪn dɪˈpɛn dəns)

n. a city in W Missouri: starting point of the Santa Fe and Oregon trails. 110,303.

Independence

(See also SELF-RELIANCE.)

independent as a hog on ice Cockily self-assured; pigheadedly independent.

He don’t appear to care nothing for nobody—he’s “independent as a hog on ice.” (San Francisco Call, April, 1857)

It has been unconvincingly conjectured that this American expression, popular since the 1800s, derives from the Scottish ice game of curling in which hog refers to a pucklike stone that stops short of its goal, thus coming to rest and sitting sluggishly immovable on the ice.

But no other proffered explanation appears plausible either. The puzzling simile nevertheless continues on in popular usage.

They like to think of themselves as independents—independent as a hog on ice. (Time, August, 1948)

lone wolf A loner; one who, although leading an active social life, chooses not to divulge his personal philosophies; a person who pursues neither close friendship nor intimate relationships. Although most wolves live in small packs, some choose to live and hunt solitarily. The expression’s contemporary usage often carries an implication of aloofness to or disillusionment with the mainstream of society.

An individualist to be watched unless he should develop into too much of a lone wolf. (G. F. Newman, Sir, You Bastard, 1970)

march to the beat of a different drummer To follow the dictates of one’s own conscience instead of prevailing convention; to act in accord with one’s own feelings instead of following the crowd; also, to be odd or eccentric. This expression comes from these now famous words of Henry David Thoreau in Walden, or Life in the Woods (1854):

If a man does not keep pace with his companions, perhaps it is because he hears a different drummer. Let him step to the music which he hears, however measured or far away.

If one man in a marching column is out of step, it may look as if he is marching to the beat of another drummer, or as if he is simply “out of it.” Such a one is considered either an independent or an eccentric.

maverick An intractable or refractory person; a person who adheres to unconventional or unpopular ideals that set him apart from society’s mainstream; a dissenter, a loner. This expression is credited to the early 19th-century Texas rancher Samuel Maverick, who consistently neglected to brand his cattle, and it still maintains its meaning of an unbranded cow, steer, or calf. Through allusion to these unmarked cattle, maverick evolved its now more common nonconformist sense by the late 1800s:

A very muzzy Maverick smote his sergeant on the nose. (Rudyard Kipling, Life’s Handicaps, 1892)

In the United States the expression has developed the additional meaning of a politician who resists affiliation with the established political parties, or whose views differ significantly from those of his fellow party members.

One Republican Senator, and by no means a conspicuous maverick, pointed out that the Senate might nave acted. (Chicago Daily News, 1948)

mugwump A politically independent person; a person who is indecisive or neutral on controversial issues. This expression is derived from the Algon-quian Indian word mogkiomp ‘great man, big chief,’ and was first used by Charles A. Dana of the New York Sun in reference to the Republicans who declined to support their party’s 1884 presidential candidate, James G. Baine. The term thus evolved its current figurative sense of a political maverick.

A few moments after Secretary Wallace made his pun, he hastened to add that he himself had been a mugwump. (Tuscaloosa News, March, 1946)

A jocular origin is ascribed to the word: a mugwump is one who sits on the fence, with his mug on one side and his wump on the other. In addition to its political sense, the British use mugwump to describe a self-important person who assumes airs and behaves in an aloof or pompous manner.

sail against the wind To think or act independently of popular or accepted convention, opinion, trends, etc.; to march to the beat of a different drummer. This expression refers to the difficulty of sailing into a wind in order to reach one’s destination. Although sail against the wind is sometimes applied figuratively to a person who is inflexible and stubborn, it more often refers to one who does not succumb to peer or social pressure, but rather pursues his own course irrespective of the opinions and customs of others.

Thesaurus

Noun	1.	independence - freedom from control or influence of another or othersindependencyfreedom - the condition of being free; the power to act or speak or think without externally imposed restraintsautonomy, liberty - immunity from arbitrary exercise of authority: political independenceautarchy, autarky - economic independence as a national policyself-direction, self-reliance, self-sufficiency, autonomy - personal independenceseparateness - political independence; "seeking complete political separateness for Taiwan"
	2.	independence - the successful ending of the American Revolution; "they maintained close relations with England even after independence"triumph, victory - a successful ending of a struggle or contest; "a narrow victory"; "the general always gets credit for his army's victory"; "clinched a victory"; "convincing victory"; "the agreement was a triumph for common sense"
	3.	Independence - a city in western Missouri; the beginning of the Santa Fe TrailMissouri, Show Me State, MO - a midwestern state in central United States; a border state during the American Civil War, Missouri was admitted to the Confederacy without actually seceding from the Union

independence

noun1. freedom, liberty, autonomy, separation, sovereignty, self-determination, self-government, self-rule, self-sufficiency, self-reliance, home rule, autarchy the country's first elections since independence in 1962
freedom dependence, bondage, subordination, subjugation, subservience, subjection2. self-sufficiency, self-reliance, self-sustenance He was afraid of losing his independence.3. neutrality, detachment, objectivity, impartiality, fairness, disinterest, open-mindedness, even-handedness, disinterestedness, dispassion, nonpartisanship, lack of bias He stressed the importance of the judge's independence.Quotations
"It is easy in the world to live after the world's opinion; it is easy in solitude after our own; but the great man is he who, in the midst of the crowd, keeps with perfect sweetness the independence of solitude" [Ralph Waldo Emerson `Self-Reliance']
"He travels the fastest who travels alone" [Rudyard Kipling The Story of the Gadsbys]

independence

noun1. The condition of being politically free:autonomy, freedom, independency, liberty, self-government, sovereignty.2. The capacity to manage one's own affairs, make one's own judgments, and provide for oneself:self-determination, self-reliance, self-sufficiency.

Translations

独立

independent

(indiˈpendənt) adjective1. not controlled by other people, countries etc. an independent country; That country is now independent of Britain. 独立的，不受约束的 2. not willing to accept help. an independent old lady.不愿接受帮助的3. having enough money to support oneself. She is completely independent and receives no money from her family; She is now independent of her parents.富裕自立的4. not relying on, or affected by, something or someone else. an independent observer; to arrive at an independent conclusion. 不依赖于他人（或事）的 indeˈpendence noun独立indeˈpendently adverb独立地

independence

→ 独立zhCN

Independence

Independence.

1 City (1990 pop. 9,942), seat of Montgomery co., SE Kans., on the Verdigris River, near the Okla. line, in an important oil-producing area where corn and wheat are also grown. Light aircraft, motor vehicle parts, cement, and printing and publishing are important industries; natural gas is distributed. The town was founded (1869) on a former Osage reservation. It boomed with the discovery of natural gas in 1881 and oil in 1903.

2 City (1990 pop. 112,301), seat of Jackson co., W Mo., a suburb of Kansas City; inc. 1849. Its manufactures include machinery, building materials, apparel, foods, paper products, and ordnance. Soybeans, corn, and sorghum are grown, and there is dairying and natural-gas production in the area. In the 1830s and 40s, Independence was the starting point for expeditions over the Santa Fe TrailSanta Fe Trail,
important caravan route of the W United States, extending c.780 mi (1,260 km) from Independence, Mo., SW to Santa Fe, N.Mex. Independence and Westport, Mo., were the chief points where wagons, teams, and supplies were obtained.
..... Click the link for more information. , the Oregon TrailOregon Trail,
overland emigrant route in the United States from the Missouri River to the Columbia River country (all of which was then called Oregon). The pioneers by wagon train did not, however, follow any single narrow route.
..... Click the link for more information. , and the California Trail. A group of Mormons settled there in 1831, and the city is the world headquarters of the Community of ChristCommunity of Christ,
formerly the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints,
religious group that regards itself as the successor of the church founded by Joseph Smith.
..... Click the link for more information. (formerly the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints). Independence was the home of President Harry S. TrumanTruman, Harry S.,
1884–1972, 33d President of the United States, b. Lamar, Mo. Early Life and Political Career

He grew up on a farm near Independence, Mo., worked at various jobs, and tended the family farm.
..... Click the link for more information. and is the seat of the Harry S. Truman Library and Museum, on whose grounds the former president is buried. Other points of interest include the old county jail and museum (1859; restored); the old county courthouse (1825; restored); and nearby Fort Osage (1808; reconstructed). Park Univ. has a campus in Independence.

independence

the achievement of political independence by a colonized country after a period of colonial rule (see COLONIALISM). In the 20th century, nationalist independence movements grew in nearly every colony and were of primary importance in ending colonial rule in most THIRD WORLD countries after World War II. It was through these movements that European notions of NATIONALISM were introduced to the Third World, along with mass participation in politics. Independence in Latin America was achieved in the early part of the 19th century in the context of the Napoleonic Wars in which Spain was embroiled, but Africa and many countries in Asia did not achieve independence until the second half of the 20th century

Independence

in logic, the property of a sentence of some theory or formula of a calculus such that neither the sentence itself nor its negation can be derived from a given system of sentences (for example, a system of axioms) or, correspondingly, from a conjunction of given formulas, respectively.

A sentence can be shown to be independent of a given system of axioms by proving the consistency of two systems of axioms that can be obtained from the addition, respectively, of the given proposition and its negation to the given system of axioms. Independence is also related to the property of deductive completeness of axiomatic theories. If a consistent system of axioms is deductively complete, a contradiction results when any proposition (independent of the system) of the given theory is added as an axiom to the system. In speaking of the independence of intuitively formulated sentences, “derivability” is understood intuitively, “in accordance with the laws of logic.” On the other hand, strictly defined rules of inference (the question of the independence of which can also be raised) are always fixed when considering formal calculi.

It is possible to speak of “expressive” independence in a way analogous to the “deductive” independence described above. In this case, a concept (term) is said to be independent of a given system of concepts (terms) if it cannot be defined solely by means of these concepts (terms), although again, as above, it is assumed that a set of rules of definition has been fixed with respect to which the question of independence can be raised. The term “independence” (in both senses) is, finally, also applied to sets of sentences (formulas) or concepts (terms). A set is said to be independent (and also nonredundant, or minimal) if every one of its members is independent of the remaining members in the sense defined above. A number of highly important results concerning independence have been obtained in the axiomatic theory of sets and in mathematical logic.

IU. A. GASTEV

Independence

one of the most important concepts in probability theory. We give as an example the definition of the independence of two random events. Let A and B be two random events, and P(A) and P(B) their probabilities. The conditional probability P(Bǀ A) of the event B under the condition that A occurs is defined by the equality

where P(A&B) is the probability that A and B occur simultaneously. The event B is said to be independent of A if

(*) P(B\\A) = P(B)

Equation (*) can be written in a form symmetric in A and B:

P(A&B) = P(A)P(B)

from which it is evident that if B is independent of A, then A is independent of B. Thus, we may simply speak of the independence of two events.

The specific meaning of this definition of independence can be clarified in the following manner. It is known that the probability of an event is expressed by the frequency of its occurrence. Therefore, if a large number N of trials is carried out, then the frequency with which the event B appears in all ¿V trials and the frequency with which it appears in those trials in which the event A occurs will be approximately equal. Thus, the independence of events indicates either that there is no relation between the occurrence of these events or that the relation is not essential. Thus, the event in which a randomly selected person has a last name beginning, for example, with the letter “A” and the event that this person will win the next drawing of a lottery are independent.

Pairwise and mutual independence are distinguished in defining the independence of several (more than two) events. The events A₁, A₂, . . .,A_n are said to be pairwise independent if any two of them are independent in the sense of the definition given above and are mutually independent if the probability that any of them occurs is independent of the occurrence of an arbitrary combination of the other events.

The concept of independence is also extended to random variables. The random variables X and Y are said to be independent if for any two intervals Δ₁ and Δ₂, the events that the variable X belongs to Δ₂ and that Y belongs to Δ2 are independent. Highly important schemes in probability theory are based on the hypothesis that various events or random variables are independent.

REFERENCES

Gnedenko, B. V. Kurs teorii veroiatnostei, 4th ed. Moscow, 1965.
Feller, W. Vvedenie v teoriiu veroiatnostei i ee prilozheniia, 2nd ed. Moscow, 1964. (Translated from English.)

Independence

Bastille DayJuly 14; French national holiday celebrating the fall of the Bastille prison (1789). [Fr. Hist.: NCE, 245]Declaration of Independenceby delegates of the American Thirteen Colonies announcing U.S. independence from Great Britain (1776). [Am. Hist.: NCE, 733]Huggins, Henryself-reliant boy; earns money for toys. [Children’s Lit.: Henry Huggins]Independence DayFourth of July; U.S. patriotic holiday celebrating the Declaration of Independence. [Am. Hist.: NCE, 990]Maineoften thought of as the state of “independent Yankees.” [Pop. Culture: Misc.]MugwumpsRepublican party members who voted independently. [Am. Hist.: Jameson, 337]QuebecCanada’s French-speaking province has often attempted to attain independence from rest of country. [Canadian Hist.: NCE, 2555]Tree of Libertysymbolic post or tree hung with flags and other devices and crowned with the liberty cap. [Misc.: Brewer Dictionary, 911]white oakindicates self-sufficiency. [Flower Symbolism: Flora Symbolica, 178]

Independence

a city in W Missouri, near Kansas City: starting point for the Santa Fe, Oregon, and California Trails (1831--44). Pop.: 112 079 (2003 est.)

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REFERENCES

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Patient discussion about independence

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Synonyms for independence

noun freedom

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noun self-sufficiency

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noun neutrality

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Synonyms for independence

noun the condition of being politically free

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noun the capacity to manage one's own affairs, make one's own judgments, and provide for oneself

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Synonyms for independence

noun freedom from control or influence of another or others

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Related Words

noun the successful ending of the American Revolution

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noun a city in western Missouri

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