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DictionarySeeacid2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid
2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid[¦tü ¦fȯr dī¦klȯr·ō·fə¦näk·sē·ə′sēd·ik ′as·əd] (organic chemistry) Cl2C6H3OCH2COOH Yellow crystals, melting at 142°C; used as a herbicide and pesticide. Abbreviated 2,4-D. 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid (also called 2,4-D), C12C6H3OCH2COOH, a herbicide for combating dicotyledonous weeds in sowings of grain crops and in meadows. In pure form it exists as white odorless crystals; melting point, 140.5° C. Its solubility in water is 560 mg per liter at 20° C. The industrial preparation has an unpleasant phenolic odor caused by an admixture of 2,4-dichlorophenol. In industry, 2,4-D is made by the reaction of salts of monochloroacetic acid with sodium 2,4-dichlorophenate and by chlorination of phenoxyacetic acid. It is the most extensively produced and utilized herbicide. It is used in the form of water-soluble salts with acyclic amines (dimethylamine, diethylamine, ethanolamines, and so on) and in the form of a sodium salt, esters with various alcohols (isopropanol, butanol, octanol, and others), and amides (for example, the o-chloroanilide). At the consumption levels of 0.5-2.0 kg per hectare (kg/ha), almost all dicotyledonous weeds can be killed (creeping thistle, hogweed, and centaurea). Grain crops are treated in the tillering stage. Plants that are sensitive to the action of 2,4-D include cotton and sunflower plants, fruit trees (apple, pear, plum, cherry, apricot, and peach), and berries (currant, strawberry, gooseberry, and raspberry), as well as deciduous trees and shrubs. The action of the herbicide is weaker on poor soils and in periods of drought; plants raised on rich and moist soils die more quickly. 2,4-D is moderately toxic to animals and humans. The mechanism of action of 2,4-D has not been conclusively studied. It is known to be rapidly absorbed by plant leaves and to cause expansion of meristematic cells, which leads to the destruction of tissues and to curling and death of the plant. It is comparatively rapidly destroyed by microorganisms in the soil and does not accumulate. REFERENCESMel’nikov, N. N., and lu. A. Baskakov. Khimiia gerbitsidov i reguliatorov rosta rastenii. Moscow, 1962.
Crafts, A., and W. Robbins. Khimicheskaia bor’ba s sorniakami Moscow, 1964. (Translated from English.)
Mel’nikov, N. N. Khimiia pestitsidov. Moscow, 1968.N. N. MEL’NIKOV 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid
acid (as'id) [L. acidus, sour] 1. Any substance that liberates hydrogen ions (protons) in solution; a hydrogen ion donor. An acid reacts with a metal to form a salt, neutralizes bases, and turns litmus paper red. 2. A substance that can accept a pair of electrons; a Lewis acid. See: alkali; base; indicator; Lewis acid; pH3. A sour substance. 4. Slang term for lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD).acetic acidC2H4O2, the acid that gives the sour taste to vinegar. It is also used as a reagent. Glacial (highly purified) acetic acid contains at least 99.5% acetic acid by weight. CAS # 64-19-7acetoacetic acidC4H6O3, a ketone body formed when fats are incompletely oxidized. It was formerly called acetylacetic acid. Synonym: diacetic acid; diacetic acidCAS # 541-50-4acetylacetic acid See: acetoacetic acidacetylsalicylic acid Abbreviation: ASA
Aspirin (1).acrylic acidC3H4O2, a colorless corrosive acid used in making acrylic polymers and resins. CAS # 79-10-7adenylic acidAdenosine monophosphate.alpha-hydroxy acid Abbreviation: AHA
Any of a class of water-soluble acids derived from fruit or milk, having a hydroxyl moiety in the first position in the molecule. AHAs are used in chemical peels and other skin care products to remove the outer layer of the epidermis. This chemical exfoliation is promoted for its cosmetic effects on wrinkled or sun-damaged skin. alpha-linolenic acidC18H30O2, an omega-3 fatty acid derived from plants, esp. seeds (canola oil, flaxseed, walnuts and pumpkins) and from some fish (salmon and mackerel). CAS # 463-40-1alpha-lipoic acidC8H14O2S2, a natural coenzyme and antioxidant, used for short-term treatment of peripheral neuropathies. CAS # 1200-22-2amino acid See: amino acidaminoacetic acidGlycine.aminobenzoic acidPara-aminobenzoic acid.aminocaproic acidC6H13NO2, a hemostatic drug. It is a specific antidote for an overdose of a fibrinolytic agent. CAS # 60-32-2aminoglutaric acidGlutamic acid.aminosalicylic acidPara-aminosalicylic acid.aminosuccinic acidAspartic acid.arachidonic acidC20H32O2, an omega-6 fatty acid formed by the action of enzymes on phospholipids in cell membranes. The acid is found in many foods. It is metabolized primarily by the cyclo-oxygenase or 5-lipoxygenase pathways to produce prostaglandins and leukotrienes, which are important mediators of inflammation. Corticosteroids inhibit formation of arachidonic acid from phospholipids when cell membranes are damaged. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents such as salicylates, indomethacin, and ibuprofen inhibit the synthesis of prostaglandins and leukotrienes. CAS # 506-32-1argininosuccinic acidC10H18N4O6, a compound intermediate in the synthesis of arginine, formed from citrulline and aspartic acid. CAS # 2387-71-5aristolochic acidC17H11NO7, an acid derived from Aristolochia, a genus of flowering plants, and used as an herbal remedy. It is promoted as an aphrodisiac, a weight loss agent, and an anticonvulsant. CAS # 313-67-7CAUTION!The acid is a known carcinogen, and its use has been associated with and may cause end-stage renal disease and cancers of the urinary tract that may occur many years after usage has stopped. ascorbic acidVitamin C.aspartic acidC4H7NO4, a nonessential amino acid that is a product of pancreatic digestion. Synonym: aminosuccinic acidCAS # 617-45-8barbituric acidC4H4N2O3, a crystalline acid from which phenobarbital and other barbiturates are derived. CAS # 67-52-7benzoic acidC7H6O2, a white crystalline acid having a slight odor. It is used in keratolytic ointments and in food preservation. Saccharin is a derivative of this acid. CAS # 65-85-0bile acidAny of the complex acids that occur as salts in bile, e.g., cholic, glycocholic, and taurocholic acids. They give bile its foamy character, are important in the digestion of fats in the intestine, and are reabsorbed from the intestine to be used again by the liver. See: enterohepatic circulationbinary acidAn acid containing hydrogen and one other element. boric acidH3BO3, a white crystalline acid that in water forms a very weak acid solution poisonous to plants and animals. It is soluble in water, alcohol, and glycerin. See: boric acid poisoningCAS # 10043-35-3CAUTION!Boric acid is toxic and should be used only rarely. It is particularly dangerous because it can be accidentally swallowed by children or used in food because of its resemblance to sugar. butyric acidC4H8O2, a viscous fatty acid with a rancid odor, derived from butter but rare in most fats. It is used in disinfectants, emulsifying agents, and pharmaceuticals. CAS # 107-92-6carbolic acidPhenol (1).carbonic acidH2CO3, an acid formed when carbon dioxide is dissolved in water. CAS # 463-79-6carboxylic acidAny acid containing the carboxyl group –COOH. The simplest examples are formic and acetic acids. cell-free fetal nucleic acidFree fetal nucleic acid.cholic acidC24H40O5, a bile acid formed in the liver by hydrolysis of other bile acids. It is formed from the breakdown of cholesterol and helps digest consumed fats. CAS # 81-25-4cinnamic acidC9H8O2, an insoluble white powder derived from cinnamon. It is used as a flavoring agent in cooking and in the preparation of perfumes and medicines. CAS # 140-10-3citric acidC6H8O7, an acid found naturally in citrus fruits or prepared synthetically. It acts as a sequestrant, helping to preserve food quality. CAS # 77-92-9conjugated linoleic acid Abbreviation: CLA
Any of the isomers of linoleic acid effective against cancer, obesity, diabetes, and atheromata in laboratory rodents. CLAs have not been shown to have similar beneficial effects in humans. cysteic acidC3H7NO5S, an acid produced by the oxidation of cysteine. Further oxidation produces taurine. CAS # 498-40-8deoxycholic acidC24H40O4, a crystalline acid found in bile. CAS # 83-44-3deoxyribonucleic acid, desoxyribonucleic acid See: DNAdiacetic acidAcetoacetic acid.2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid2,4-D.p-dichlorosulfamoyl benzoicacid Halazone.4,8-dihydroxyquinaldic acidXanthurenic acid.docosahexaenoic acid, docosahexanoic Abbreviation: DHA
C22H32O2, an omega-3 fatty acid found in the oils of cold-water fish and in algae. DHA plays a role in the development of nerve cell membranes and is required for the normal growth and development of the infant brain. Lack of DHA has been linked to growing numbers of people suffering from depression. CAS # 6217-54-5domoic acidC15H20NO6, a toxin that resembles glutamate, the main excitatory amino acid of the brain. When ingested, it may cause continuous seizures. CAS # 14277-97-5eicosapentaenoic acid Abbreviation: EPA
C20H30O2, an omega-3 fatty acid found in fish oils, containing 20 carbons and five double bonds. CAS # 10417-94-4endogenous uric acidUric acid derived from purines undergoing metabolism from the nucleic acid of body tissues.essential fatty acid Abbreviation: EFA
A fatty acid (alpha-linoleic and linoleic) that is essential for health and must be present in the diet because it cannot be synthesized in the body. See: digestionethylenediaminetetraacetic acid Abbreviation: EDTA
C10H16N2O8, a chelating agent that, in its calcium or sodium salts, is used to remove metallic ions such as lead and cadmium from the body and as a food preservative. See: chelationCAS # 60-00-4exogenous uric acidUric acid derived from purines from food made up of free purines and nucleic acids. See: urate; uraturiafatty acidAny of numerous monobasic acids with the general formula CnH2n+1-COOH (an alkyl radical attached to a carboxyl group). Fatty acids are insoluble in water. This insolubility would prevent their being absorbed from the intestines, but the action of bile salts on the fatty acids enable thems to be absorbed. Fatty acids include acetic, butyric, capric, caproic, caprylic, formic, lauric, myristic, palmitic, and stearic acids. Unsaturated fatty acids have one or more double or triple bonds in the carbon chain. They include those of the oleic series (oleic, tiglic, hypogeic, and palmitoleic) and the linoleic or linolic series (linoleic, linolenic, clupanodonic, arachidonic, hydrocarpic, and chaulmoogric). See: fat folic acidC19H19N7O6, a water-soluble B complex vitamin needed for DNA synthesis and amino acid metabolism. It is present in green leafy vegetables, beans, and yeast. It is used to treat megaloblastic and macrocytic anemias and to prevent neural tube defects (NTDs) and cardiovascular disease in adults. The U.S. Public Health Service recommends that all women of childbearing age who may become or are pregnant should consume 0.8 mg of folic acid daily to reduce their risk of having a child affected with spina bifida or other NTDs. See: neural tube defect Synonym: folate; vitamin B9CAS # 59-30-3CAUTION!Folic acid should not be used to treat pernicious anemia (a vitamin B12 deficiency) because it does not protect patients against the development of changes in the central nervous system that accompany this type of anemia. folinic acidC20H23N7O7, the active form of folic acid. It is used to counteract the effects of folic acid antagonists and to treat folic acid deficiency anemia. CAS # 1492-18-8formic acidHCOOH, the first and strongest member of the monobasic fatty acid series. It occurs naturally in certain animal secretions, e.g., the sting of insects such as bees and ants, and in muscle, but it is also prepared synthetically. CAS # 64-18-6formiminoglutamic acidC6N2O4H10, an intermediate product in the metabolism of histidine. CAS # 816-90-0free fatty acid Abbreviation: FFA
The form in which a fatty acid leaves the cell to be transported for use in another part of the body. FFAs are not esterified and may be unbound (not bound to protein). In the plasma, the nonesterified fatty acids released immediately combine with albumin to form bound free fatty acids. free fetal nucleic acid Abbreviation: ffNA
Fetal RNA or DNA in blood or body fluids. It is used to determine the sex of the fetus (as in pregnancies in which X-linked inherited diseases are a concern) or to identify other genetically transmitted illnesses, e.g., trisomies. Synonym: cell-free fetal nucleic acidfumaric acidC4H4O4, one of the organic acids in the Krebs cycle. It is used as a substitute for tartaric acid in beverages and baking powders. CAS # 110-17-8fuming nitric acidConcentrated nitric acid (more than 86% nitric acid) that emits toxic fumes that cause choking if inhaled. See: fumesgadolinium-diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid Abbreviation: Gd-DTPA
A radiographic contrast agent, used in magnetic resonance imaging to enhance the appearance of blood vessels. CAUTION!Contrast agents containing gadolinium should not be given to patients with diminished renal function. CAS # 86050-77-3gallic acidC6H2(OH)3COOH, a colorless crystalline acid. It occurs naturally as an excrescence on the twigs of trees, esp. oaks, as a reaction to the deposition of gall wasp eggs. It is used as a skin astringent and in the manufacture of writing inks and dyes. CAS # 149-91-7gamma-aminobutyric acid Abbreviation: GABA
C4H9NO2, the principal inhibitory neurotransmitter of the brain. CAS # 56-12-2gamma-linolenic acid Abbreviation: GLA
C18H30O2, an essential fatty acid promoted by alternative medicine practitioners as a treatment for skin and inflammatory disorders, cystic breast disease, and hyperlipidemia. CAS # 506-26-3glucuronic acidCHO(CHOH)4COOH, an oxidation product of glucose that is present in the urine. Toxic products (salicylic acid, menthol, phenol) that have entered the body through the intestinal tract are detoxified in the liver by conjugation with glucuronic acid. CAS # 6556-12-3glutamic acidHOOC·(CH2)2·CH(NH2)·COOH, an amino acid formed in protein hydrolysis and an excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. Synonym: aminoglutaric acidCAS # 617-65-2glyceric acidCH2OH·CHOH·COOH, an intermediate product of the oxidation of fats. CAS # 473-81-4glycocholic acidC26H43NO6, a bile acid that hydrolizes to glycine and cholic acid. CAS # 475-31-0glycolic acidC2H4O3, an alpha-hydroxy acid derivative used to remove the outer layer of skin to rejuvenate its appearance. CAS # 79-14-1glyoxylic acidC2H2O3, an acid produced by the action of glycine oxidase on glycine or sarcosine. CAS # 298-12-4hippuric acidC6H5CONHCH2COOH, an acid formed and excreted by the kidneys. It is formed from the combination of benzoic acid and glycine. The synthesis takes place in the liver and, to a limited extent, in the kidneys. CAS # 495-69-2guanidoacetic acidAn acid formed in the liver, kidney, and other tissues. It is metabolized to form creatine. hexafluorosilicic acidSilicofluoride.homogentisic acidC8H8O4, an intermediate product of tyrosine catabolism. It is found in the urine in alkaptonuria. Synonym: alkaptonCAS # 451-13-8hyaluronic acid Abbreviation: HA
(C14H21NO11)n, an acid mucopolysaccharide found in the extracellular matrix of connective tissue that acts as a binding and protective agent. It is found in synovial fluid and in the vitreous and aqueous humors of the eye. Patients with osteoarthritis have elevated serum levels of HA. Synonym: hyaluronanCAS # 9004-61-9hydriodic acidHI, an acid used in solution in various forms of chemical analyses. Synonym: hydrogen iodideCAS # 10034-85-2hydrochloric acidHCl, an inorganic acid normally present in gastric juice. It destroys fermenting bacteria that might cause intestinal tract disturbances. CAS# 7647-01-0 hydrocyanic acidHCN, a colorless, extremely poisonous, highly volatile acid that occurs naturally in plants but is also produced synthetically. It acts by preventing cellular respiration. Hydrocyanic acid is used in electroplating, fumigation, and in producing dyes, pigments, synthetic fibers, and plastic. Exposure of humans to 200 to 500 parts of hydrocyanic acid per 1,000,000 parts of air for 30 min is fatal. Synonym: hydrogen cyanideCAS # 74-90-8hydrofluoric acidHF, a corrosive solution of hydrogen fluoride in water. It can be used in dentistry to etch composites and porcelain surfaces and is used industrially to etch glass. See: hydrogen fluorideCAUTION!Exposure to the skin and aerodigestive tract causes severe burns with local necrosis and systemic manifestations resulting from disordered calcium and potassium metabolism. Treatments with calcium gluconate can be beneficial. CAS # 7664-39-3hydrosulfuric acidHydrogen sulfide.hydroxy acidAny of the acids containing one or more hydroxyl (–OH) groups in addition to the carboxyl (–COOH) group, e.g., lactic acid, CH3COHCOOH). hydroxy-iminodiacetic acid Abbreviation: HIDA
A chemical that, when bound to radioactive technetium, is used to demonstrate the formation and flow of bile. See: HIDA scanhydroxybutyric acidC4H8O3, any of the acids present in the urine, esp. in diabetic ketoacidosis, when the conversion of fatty acids to ketones increases.hydroxycitric acidC6H8O8, an herbal extract promoted for the treatment of weight loss. Placebo-controlled studies have not found any benefit to the treatment. CAS # 6205-14-7hypochlorous acidHClO, an acid used as a disinfectant, deodorant, and bleaching agent. It is usually used in the form of one of its salts. CAS # 7790-92-3imino acidAn acid formed as a result of oxidation of amino acids in the body.inorganic acidAn acid containing no carbon atoms. Synonym: mineral acidiocetamic acidC12H13I3N2O3, a radiopaque agent formerly used in cholecystography. CAS # 16034-77-8iopanoic acidC11H12I3NO2 , a radiopaque contrast medium used in radiographic studies of the gallbladder. CAS # 96-83-3keto acidAny organic acid containing the ketone CO (carbonyl radical).lactic acidC3H6O3, an organic acid formed in muscles during anaerobic cell respiration in strenuous exercise. It is also formed during anaerobic muscle activity when glucose cannot be changed to pyruvic acid in glycolysis. It contributes to muscle aches and fatigue. Synonym: lactacidCAS # 50-21-5levulinic acidCH3COCH2CH2COOH, an acid formed when certain simple sugars are acted on by dilute hydrochloric acid. CAS # 123-76-2lignoceric acidC24H48O2, a saturated, naturally occurring fatty acid present in certain foods, including peanuts. It is also found in wood tar, various cerebrosides, and in small amounts in most natural fats. The acid is also a by-product of lignin production. CAS # 557-59-5linoleic acidC18H32O2, an omega-6 fatty acid found in vegetables, nuts, grains, seeds, fruits and their oils. Oils rich in linoleic acid include (in descending order) safflower, sunflower, corn, soybean and cottonseed. CAS # 60-33-3linolenic acidC18H30O2, an omega-6 fatty acid, thought to be cardioprotective. It reduces the production of cytokines and down-regulates serum cell adhesion molecules thought to be intermediates in atherosclerosis. CAS # 506-26-3lithic acid An obsolete term for uric acid.lysergic acidC16H16N2O2, a crystalline acid derived from ergot. Its derivative, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), is a potent hallucinogen. See: LSDCAS # 82-58-6lysophosphatidic acid Abbreviation: LPA
C21H41O7P, an acid purified from the ascitic fluid of patients with ovarian cancer. LPA stimulates the growth of ovarian cancer and may be a useful screening test for the disease. CAS # 22002-87-5malic acidC4H6O5, an acid found in sour fruits such as apples and apricots and active in the aerobic metabolism of carbohydrates. CAS # 6915-15-7malonic acidC3H4O4, a dibasic acid formed by the oxidation of malic acid and active in the Krebs cycle in carbohydrate metabolism. Malonic acid is found in beets. Its inhibition of succinic dehydrogenase is the classic example of competitive inhibition. CAS # 141-82-2mandelic acidC8H8O3, a colorless hydroxy acid. Its salt is used to treat urinary tract infections. Synonym: phenylglycolic acidCAS # 90-64-2mineral acidInorganic acid.methacrylic acidC4H6O2, a colorless acid used to make methyl methacrylate. CAS # 79monounsaturated fatty acidA fatty acid containing one double bond between carbon atoms. It is found in olive oil and is the predominant fat in the Mediterranean diet. It is thought to reduce low-density lipoprotein levels without affecting high-density lipoprotein levels. See: Mediterranean dietmuriatic acidA nontechnical term for hydrochloric acid. CAS # 7647-01-0n-3 fatty acidOmega-3 fatty acid.n-6 fatty acidOmega-6 fatty acid.nicotinic acidNiacin.nitric acidHNO3, a colorless, poisonous, fuming corrosive acid, widely used in industry and in chemical laboratories. CAS # 7697-37-2nitrous acidHNO2, a weak acid chemical reagent used in biological laboratories. CAS # 7782-77-6nonvolatile acidAn acid, such as lactic acid or sulfuric acid, that accumulates in the body as a result of digestion, disease, or metabolism. It cannot be excreted from the body by ventilation but must be excreted by organs other than the lungs, e.g., by acidification of the urine.  NUCLEIC ACID: DNA and RNAnucleic acidAny of the high-molecular-weight molecules that carry the genetic information crucial to the replication of cells and the manufacturing of cellular proteins. They have a complex structure formed of sugars (pentoses), phosphoric acid, and nitrogen bases (purines and pyrimidines). Most important are ribonucleic acid (RNA) and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). See: illustrationoctadecanoic acidStearic acid.okadaic acidC44H68O13, a toxic acid found in shellfish. The toxin is produced by oceanic phytoplankton consumed by filter-feeding marine animals such as clams, crabs, and mussels and is the cause of diarrheal shellfish poisoning. Ingestion of these shellfish by humans results in profuse watery diarrhea. CAS # 78111-17-8oleic acidC18H34O2, a monounsaturated fatty acid found in most organic fats and oils. CAS # 112-80-1omega-3 fatty acid, ?-3 fatty acidAny of the long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids found in the oils of some saltwater fish, and in canola, flaxseed, walnuts, and some vegetables. These acids include eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Alpha-linolenic acid (found in flaxseed and chia) can be metabolically converted to omega-3 fatty acids in the body. People whose diets are rich in omega-3 fatty acids have a reduced incidence of cardiovascular disease. Synonym: n-3 fatty acidomega-6 fatty acid, ?-6 fatty acidAny of the long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, such as linoleic acid and arachidonic acid, thought to influence cardiovascular and growth function when balanced with omega-3 fatty acids in eicosanoid production. Linoleic acids are derived from vegetable oils; arachidonic acids, from animal fats. Synonym: n-6 fatty acidomega-9 fatty acid, ?-9 fatty acidAny of the nonessential unsaturated fatty acids that have a double carbon bond in the ninth position from the end of their fatty acid tail. They include oleic acid (present in olive oil), stearic acid, and erucic acid. organic acidAn acid containing the carboxyl radical, –COOH. Organic acids include acetic acid, formic acid, lactic acid, and all fatty acids. orotic acidC5H4N2O4 , a crystalline acid occurring in milk. It is a precursor in the formation of pyrimidine nucleotides. CAS # 65-86-1osmic acidOsmium tetroxide.oxalic acidC2H2O4, the simplest dibasic organic acid. Its potassium or calcium salts occur naturally in rhubarb, wood sorrel, and other plants. It is the strongest organic acid and is poisonous. When properly diluted, it removes ink or rust stains from cloth. It is used also as a reagent. CAS # 144-62-7oxaloacetic acid, oxalacetic acidC4H4O5, a product of carbohydrate metabolism resulting from oxidation of malic acid during the Krebs cycle. It may be derived from other sources. CAS # 328-42-7palmitic acidC16H32O2, a saturated fatty acid occurring as esters in most natural fats and oils. CAS # 57-10-3pantothenic acidC9H17NO5, an acid of the vitamin B complex, occurring naturally in yeast, liver, heart, salmon, eggs, and various grains. It is part of coenzyme A, which is necessary for the Krebs cycle and for conversion of amino acids and lipids to carbohydrates. Synonym: vitamin B5CAS # 137-08-6para-aminobenzoic acid Abbreviation: PABA
NH2C6H4COOH, an acid of the vitamin B complex, used as a dietary supplement, an antirickettsial drug, a reagent, and a sunscreen agent. Synonym: aminobenzoic acidCAS # 150-13-0para-aminohippuric acid Abbreviation: PAH, PAHA
C9H10N2O3, a derivative of aminobenzoic acid. The salt, para-aminohippurate, is used to test the excretory capacity of the renal tubules. CAS # 61-78-9para-aminosalicylic acid Abbreviation: PAS, PASA
C7H7NO3, a white or nearly white, practically odorless powder that darkens when exposed to air or light. It is a second-line drug used to treat multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Synonym: aminosalicylic acidCAS # 65-49-6pectic acidC17H24O16, an acid derived from pectin by hydrolyzing its methyl ester group.pentanoic acidValeric acid.peptide nucleic acid Abbreviation: PNA
A synthetic nucleic acid analog in which natural nucleotide bases are linked to a peptide-like backbone instead of the sugar-phosphate backbone found in DNA and RNA. PNA has numerous uses in gene regulation, splicing, and therapy; in hybridization; and as a molecular diagnostic assay. perchloric acidHClO4, a colorless unstable liquid compound. It is the highest oxygen-containing acid of chlorine, strong and dangerously corrosive. CAS # 7601-90-3phenylglycolic acidMandelic acid.phosphoric acidAn acid formed by oxidation of phosphorus. The phosphoric acids are orthophosphoric acid, H3PO4; pyrophosphoric acid, H4P2O7; metaphosphoric acid, HPO3; and hypophosphoric acid, H4P2O6. The salts of these acids are phosphates. Orthophosphoric acid, a tribasic acid, is used as a 30% to 50% solution to etch enamel of teeth in preparation for bonding of resin dental restorations. CAS # 7664-38-2phosphorous acidH3PO3, a crystalline acid formed when phosphorus is oxidized in moist air. CAS # 13598-36-2phytic acidC6H18P6O24, a pale, water-soluble acid that is found in cereal grains and, if ingested, may interfere with the absorption of calcium and magnesium. CAS # 83-86-3picric acidC6H2(NO2)3OH, a yellow crystalline powder that precipitates proteins and explodes when heated or charged. It is used as a dye and a reagent. Its salts are used in the Jaffé reaction (used to measure serum creatinine). Synonym: trinitrophenolCAS # 88-89-1poly DL lactic acidPolyglactin.polyglycolic acid(C2H2O2)n, a polymer of glycolic acid anhydride units. It is used to manufacture surgical sutures, clips, and mesh. CAS # 26009-03-0polylactic acidPolylactide.propionic acidC3H6O2, a carboxylic acid present in sweat. CAS # 79-09-44-pyridoxic acidC8H9NO4, a crystalline acid that is the principal end product of pyridoxine metabolism, excreted in human urine. pyruvic acidC3H4O3, an organic acid that plays an important role in the Krebs cycle. It is an intermediate product in the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and amino acids. Its quantity in the blood and tissues increases in thiamine deficiency because thiamine is essential for its oxidation. CAS # 127-17-3quinic acidC7H12O6, a crystalline acid present in some plants, including cinchona bark, and berries. CAS # 77-95-2retinoic acidC20H28O2, a metabolite of vitamin A used in the treatment of cystic acne. CAS # 302-79-4ribonucleic acid See: RNAricinoleic acidC18H34O3, an unsaturated hydroxy acid making up about 80% of fatty acids in the glycerides of castor oil. It has a strong laxative action. CAS # 141-22-0salicylic acidC7H6O3, a white crystalline acid derived from phenol used to make aspirin, as a preservative and flavoring agent, and in the topical treatment of some skin conditions such as warts and wrinkles. See: chemical peelingCAS # 69-72-7salicyluric acidC9H9NO4, an acid found in the urine after ingestion of salicylic acid or its derivatives.saturated fatty acidA fatty acid in which the carbon atoms are linked to other carbon atoms by single bonds. See: fatty acid; unsaturated fatty acidsilicic acidAny of a family of acids containing silica, such as H2SiO3 (metasilicic acid), H2SiO4 (orthosilicic acid), or H2SiO7 (pyrosilicic acid). When silicic acid is precipitated, silica gel is obtained. CAS # 10193-36-9stearic acidC18H36O2, a monobasic fatty acid occurring naturally in plants and animals. It is used in the manufacture of soap and pharmaceutical products such as glycerin suppositories. Synonym: octadecanoic acidCAS # 57-11-4succinic acidC4H6O4, an intermediate in carbohydrate metabolism. CAS # 110-15-6sulfonic acidAny of the organic compounds having the general formula SO2OH, derived from sulfuric acid by replacement of a hydrogen atom.sulfosalicylic acidC7H6O6S3, a crystalline acid soluble in water or alcohol. It is used as a reagent for precipitating proteins, as in testing for albumin in urine. CAS # 97-05-2sulfuric acidH2SO4, a colorless, corrosive, oily, viscous acid prepared from sulfur dioxide and used in many industrial processes and in clinical laboratories. Industrial accidents involving sulfuric acid through contact with skin or inhalation of aerosols are common. CAS # 7664-93-9sulfurous acidH2SO3, an inorganic acid and a powerful chemical reducing agent used commercially, esp. for as a bleach. CAS # 7782-99-2tannic acidC76H52O46, a mixture of digallic acid esters of d(+) glucose prepared from oak galls and sumac. It yields gallic acid and glucose on hydrolysis. CAS # 1401-55-4tartaric acidC4H6O6, an acid obtained from by-products of wine fermentation. It is widely used in industry in the manufacture of carbonated drinks, flavored gelatins, dyes, and metals. It is also used as a reagent. It is thought to be an allergen. CAS # 526-83-0taurocholic acidC26H45NO7S, a bile acid that hydrolyzes to cholic acid and taurine. CAS # 81-24-3teichoic acidAny of the polymers found in the cell walls of some gram-positive bacteria, such as the staphylococci. tranexamic acidC8H15NO2, an antifibrinolytic drug that has approx. 10 times the potency of and more sustained activity than aminocaproic acid. It is used to decrease bleeding time during surgical procedures. Loss of blood is decreased when this drug is used. CAS # 1197-18-8trans-fatty acidThe solid fat produced by heating liquid vegetable oils in the presence of hydrogen and certain metal catalysts. Partial hydrogenation changes some of the unsaturated bonds to saturated ones. The more trans-fatty acids in the diet, the higher the serum cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. trichloroacetic acid Abbreviation: TCA
A drug used as a caustic to destroy certain types of warts, condylomata, keratoses, and hyperplastic tissue. 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid2,4,5-T.unsaturated fatty acidAn organic acid in which some of the carbon atoms are linked to other carbon atoms by double bonds, thus containing less than the maximum possible number of hydrogen atoms, e.g., unsaturated oleic and linoleic acids as compared with the saturated stearic acid. Polyunsaturated fatty acids include linoleic acid and alpha-linoleic acid. See: fatty acid; saturated fatty acid CLUMP OF URIC ACID CRYSTALS (×400)uric acid C5H4N4O3, a crystalline acid occurring as an end product of purine metabolism. It is formed from purine bases derived from nucleic acids (DNA and RNA). It is a common constituent of urinary stones and gouty tophi. See: illustrationCAS # 69-93-2OutputUric acid must be excreted because it cannot be metabolized. Uric acid output should be between 0.8 and 1g/day if the patient is on an ordinary diet. Increased elimination is observed after ingestion of proteins and nitrogenous foods, after exercise, after administration of cytotoxic agents, and in gout and leukemia. Decreased elimination is observed in kidney failure, lead poisoning, and in those who eat a protein-free diet. valeric acidC5H10O2, an oily fatty acid having a distinctly disagreeable odor, existing in four isomeric. Synonym: pentanoic acidCAS # 109-52-4valproic acid Abbreviation: VPA
C8H16O2, an acid used to treat seizure disorders. CAS # 99-66-1vanillylmandelic acid, vanilmandelic acid Abbreviation: VMA
C9H10O5, a principal metabolic product of catecholamines. VMA makes up approx. 90% of the metabolites of the catecholamines epinephrine and norepinephrine and is secreted in the urine. People with pheochromocytoma produce excess amounts of catecholamines; therefore there are increased amounts of VMA in their urine. CAS # 55-10-7volatile acidAn acid produced from carbon dioxide (CO2). It can be excreted by the body by ventilation (colloquially, “blowing off CO2”). xanthurenic acidC10H7NO4, an acid excreted in the urine of pyridoxine-deficient animals after they have been fed tryptophan. Synonym: 4,8-dihydroxyquinaldic acidCAS # 59-00-7 |