internalization
in·ter·nal·ize
I0192300 (ĭn-tûr′nə-līz′)| Noun | 1. | internalization - learning (of values or attitudes etc.) that is incorporated within yourself |
| 单词 | internalization | |||
| 释义 | internalizationin·ter·nal·izeI0192300 (ĭn-tûr′nə-līz′)
internalizationinternalization[in‚tərn·əl·ə′zā·shən]internalizationthe acceptance and incorporation of the standards or beliefs of other persons, or of society, by the individual. Internalization is a basic concept in FREUD's theory of personality development. The child's conscience (SUPEREGO) is formed by internalizing society's MORES, as represented by the parents’ personal values and standards. As suggested by this psychodynamic usage, the total acceptance of beliefs and values is usually implied when the concept is employed in a more general way. However, some expressed attitudes or behaviours may be based on social pressures, such as CONFORMITY, and involve compliance rather than internalization. See also SOCIALIZATION, OVERSOCIALIZED CONCEPTION OF MAN.Internalizationtransfer inward from without. The concept of internalization entered psychology as a result of the work of the French sociological school (E. Durkheim and others), which linked internalization with the concept of socialization, the adoption of basic categories of individual consciousness from the sphere of social ideas. In the cultural-historical theory of the Soviet psychologist L. S. Vygotskii, the idea of internalization acquired fundamental importance for psychology. One of the basic premises of this theory is that any genuinely human form of the psyche initially evolves as an external, social form of human communication and only then, as a result of internalization, becomes a psychological process for an individual person. Stages of internalization have been traced in detail in works devoted to “intellectual actions.” In such works it has been demonstrated that internalization is not a simple transfer to action on the level of ideas (J. Piaget, Switzerland) but represents the formation of an internal structure of consciousness. Through its accompaniment by several other action changes, such as generalization or reduction, internalization leads to the formation of a new concrete psychological process. REFERENCESDurkheim, E. “Sotsiologiia i teoriia poznaniia.” Novye idei v sotsiologii, collection 2. St. Petersburg, 1914.Vygotskii, L. S. hbrannye psikhologicheskie issledovaniia. Moscow, 1956. Vygotskii, L. G. Razvitie vysshikh psikhicheskikh funktsii. Moscow, 1960. Gal’perin, P. Ia. “K ucheniiu ob interiorizatsii.” Voprosy psikhologii, 1966, NO. 6. A. A. PUZYREI internalizationinternalization[in-ter″nal-ĭ-za´shun]in·ter·nal·i·za·tion(in-ter'năl-i-zā'shŭn),in·ter·nal·i·za·tion(in-tĕr'năl-ī-zā'shŭn)Patient discussion about internalizationQ. I have a constant pain in the inside part of my arm. What can it be? In the last few weeks I have noticed that I have a right arm pain. The strange thing is that the pain is in a specific point in the inside part of the arm, very near to the elbow. I thnk the pain started for the first time during a baseball game but I am not sure.I work in a factory and as I sad before I use my right arm for baseball, and this pain hinders me.What can it be? Q. l have a pain in the head,l can feel sometime inside. Q. Blood in stools before and after polyp removel, Avms of the deodenel loop, inside hems, and 3cin tubuo adenoma Hi, On Nov of 06 I had a colonoscopy done and they didnt find any thing that could be mking me bleed and go to the rest room often. Then in Nov of 07 did a EDg and found I have AVMs of the deodenel loop.She Burned them and I didnt have any more bleeding till June of thei yr.On 6/6/08 i had another EDg done she burned more AVMs and on Mon I started bleeding again. This time she did a colonoscopy and found I had inside hems and a 3cin tubuolvillous adenoma inflamed.She cut, burned, and took it out in peices.She saye she will go back in Nov of this yr and look again. Two weeks after I had this done I had started to bleed again and had bad such bad pain in my hip I had to hold on to walk. that same day i started to bleed again. I bled out big clots and a bowl full of blood! A few days later the pain went away but was still bleeding ever time I had bowl movement!I can bleed up to 4 days at a times sometimes. I have been taking HC supp. and it seems to have stoped the bleeding and pain! internalizationInternalizationInternalization.Internalization occurs when a securities trade is executed within a brokerage firm rather than though an exchange. For example, if you give your broker an order to buy, the brokerage firm, acting as dealer, sells you shares it holds in its own account. Similarly, if you give an order to sell, the firm buys your shares. The transaction is reported to the exchange or market where the stock is listed but the trade is settled within the firm. Your broker might choose an internalized trade, sometimes called a principal transaction, because it results in the fastest trade at the best price. The firm keeps the spread, which is the difference between the price the buyer pays and the amount the seller receives. But if the spread is smaller than it would be with a different execution, you, as buyer or seller, benefit. Your broker may also execute your order by going directly to another firm. In that case, the transaction is reported to the appropriate market just as an internalized trade is, but the recordkeeping and financial arrangements are handled between the firms. internalizationthe combining in one firm of two or more related activities, as opposed to those activities being undertaken separately by different firms and then being synchronized through arms-length MARKET transactions. VERTICAL INTEGRATION where a series of vertically-related operations are combined together is the most frequent example of internalization. Internalization results from firms' desire to reduce their costs by achieving production economies in sequential operations, stock-holding economies and the avoidance of TRANSACTION COSTS in arranging contracts with outside suppliers or distributors. Security of input supplies and access to outlets may be additional considerations. (see also MAKE OR BUY, OUTSOURCING, SOURCING).Diversified or conglomerate firms which operate in many different markets can internalize the funding of their capital investment programmes by recycling funds from some operating divisions to headquarters, which are then reallocated to other operating divisions. This avoids the need for these divisions to have to raise funds externally through a STOCK MARKET. Internalization can also be a feature of the FOREIGN MARKET SERVICING STRATEGIES of MULTINATIONAL ENTERPRISES (MNEs); for example, MNEs may opt to replace the licensing of foreign producers and instead set up overseas manufacturing plants, the better to protect and exploit innovatory products. See DIVERSIFICATION, TRANSFER PRICE. internalizationthe combining in one firm or organization of two or more related activities, as opposed to these activities being conducted separately in different firms and then being synchronized through arm's-length MARKET transactions. Economic theory postulates that a PROFIT-MAXIMIZING firm will internalize a sequence of activities if the costs of doing so are lower than transacting the same activities through the market. See TRANSACTION for detailed discussion.The most common example of internalization is that of VERTICAL INTEGRATION, where a series of vertically related activities are combined. Cost advantages accruing through vertical internalization include reduced production costs by linking together successive processes of manufacture (e.g. iron and steel mills, to avoid reheating) and the avoidance of TRANSACTION COSTS (for example, the costs of drawing up and monitoring CONTRACTS with input suppliers and distributors, MONOPOLY surcharges imposed by powerful input suppliers, etc.). The concept of internalization is also relevant to HORIZONTAL INTEGRATION by multiplant domestic firms and MULTINATIONAL COMPANIES. In the case of multinational firms, the establishment of production plants in overseas markets, instead of servicing those markets by direct exporting, occurs because of the transaction costs of market imperfections such as TARIFFS, QUOTAS and exchange-rate restrictions and the fact that monopolistic advantages (a patented product, know-how or a unique product) can be better exploited and protected by direct control. The principle of internalization is also relevant to the funding of capital investment programmes by diversified firms. Such conglomerates are able to recycle funds from some of their operating divisions to headquarters, which are then reallocated to other operating divisions. This avoids the need for these divisions to bear the costs of raising funds externally through the stock exchange. Internal markets may partly avoid transaction costs, but they involve AGENCY COSTS and also ‘influence costs’ as managers seek to influence the distribution of resources within an organization, for example, divisional managers spending time lobbying head office to support their divisions. A firm may adopt mixes of internal markets and external markets transactions in its dealings, for example, producing some quantity of a component itself and purchasing the remainder from independent suppliers. See TRANSFER PRICE. internalization
Synonyms for internalization
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