| 单词 | international bank for reconstruction and development | |||
| 释义 | International Bank for Reconstruction and DevelopmentInternational Bank for Reconstruction and Development
International Bank for Reconstruction and DevelopmentInternational Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD)(IBRD), independent specialized agency of the United Nations, with headquarters at Washington, D.C.; one of five closely associated development institutions (also including the International Center for Settlement of Investment DisputesInternational Center for Settlement of Investment Disputes(ICSID), specialized agency of the United Nations. A member of the World Bank Group (see International Bank for Reconstruction and Development), it was formed in 1966 and has its headquarters in Washington, D.C. ..... Click the link for more information. , International Finance Corporation (see below), International Development Association (see below), and Multilateral Investment Guarantee AgencyMultilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA), specialized agency of the United Nations. Formed in 1988, with headquarters in Washington, D.C., it is a member of the World Bank Group (see International Bank for Reconstruction and Development) and membership in the MIGA is open ..... Click the link for more information. ) that constitute the World Bank Group. Plans were laid at the Bretton Woods Conference (1944) for the formation of a world bank; the IBRD was formally organized as the original institution of the World Bank in 1945, when 28 countries ratified the agreement; there are now 189 members. The IBRD aims at reducing poverty in middle-income and creditworthy poorer countries through loans, guarantees, risk management products, and analytical and advisory services. The bank not only makes loans to member nations, but, under government guarantee, to private investors, for the purpose of facilitating productive investment, encouraging foreign trade, and discharging burdens of international debt. All members of the bank must also belong to the International Monetary FundInternational Monetary Fund (IMF), specialized agency of the United Nations, established in 1945. It was planned at the Bretton Woods Conference (1944), and its headquarters are in Washington, D.C. ..... Click the link for more information. . The bank is self-sustaining and has maintained a profit on its lending activities. It is controlled by a board of governors, one from each member state. Votes are allocated according to capital subscription. Ordinary affairs are conducted by 25 executive directors. Under the bank's articles of agreement, five are appointed by the five largest capital subscribers, and the rest elected by the remaining members. However, the United States, Japan, China, Germany, France, and Great Britain (the last two having equal capital subscriptions) each currently appoint an executive director. Among the IBRD's many vice presidents, regional vice presidents oversee the bank's operations in six regions: Africa, Middle East and North Africa, Europe and Central Asia, South Asia, East Asia and the Pacific, and Latin America and the Caribbean. The bank also operates the Economic Development Institute, which offers training in economic development for officials of member countries. Another development institution is the International Finance Corporation (IFC; est. 1956), which invests in private enterprises without government guarantee. The IFC has 184 member nations. The bank organized the International Development Association (IDA; 1960) to extend credit on easier terms, mainly to developing countries. The IDA has 173 member nations. Members of the IFC and IDA must be members of the IBRD. Criticism that the IBRD-financed projects were environmentally destructive led the bank to establish an environmental fund (1990) providing low-interest loans for developing countries; the IBRD continues to be criticized to failing to adequately address human rights in its development work. Developing nations have complained that the IBRD imposes the free-market system on them, thereby discouraging planning, nationalization, and public investment. BibliographySee E. S. Mason and R. E. Asher, The World Bank since Bretton Woods (1973); C. Payer, The World Bank: A Critical Analysis (1982); S. Please, The Hobbled Giant: Essays on the World Bank (1984); E. Conway, The Summit: Bretton Woods, 1944 (2015). International Bank for Reconstruction and DevelopmentInternational Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD)International Bank for Reconstruction and DevelopmentInternational Bank for Reconstruction and Developmentsee WORLD BANK.International Bank for Reconstruction and Developmentsee WORLD BANK.International Bank for Reconstruction and Development
Synonyms for International Bank for Reconstruction and Development
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