isotope
i·so·tope
I0256800 (ī′sə-tōp′)isotope
(ˈaɪsəˌtəʊp)i•so•tope
(ˈaɪ səˌtoʊp)n.
i·so·tope
(ī′sə-tōp′)| Noun | 1. | isotope - one of two or more atoms with the same atomic number but with different numbers of neutrons |
| 单词 | isotope | |||
| 释义 | isotopei·so·topeI0256800 (ī′sə-tōp′)isotope(ˈaɪsəˌtəʊp)i•so•tope(ˈaɪ səˌtoʊp)n. i·so·tope(ī′sə-tōp′)
isotopeisotope(ī`sətōp), in chemistry and physics, one of two or more atoms having the same atomic number but differing in atomic weightatomic weight,mean (weighted average) of the masses of all the naturally occurring isotopes of a chemical element, as contrasted with atomic mass, which is the mass of any individual isotope. Although the first atomic weights were calculated at the beginning of the 19th cent. ..... Click the link for more information. and mass number. The concept of isotope was introduced by F. SoddySoddy, Frederick , 1877–1956, English chemist. He worked under Lord Rutherford at McGill Univ. and with Sir William Ramsay at the Univ. of London. After serving (1910–14) as lecturer in physical chemistry and radioactivity at the Univ. ..... Click the link for more information. in explaining aspects of radioactivity; the first stable isotope (of neon) was discovered by J. J. ThomsonThomson, Sir Joseph John, 1856–1940, English physicist. From 1884 to 1919 he was Cavendish professor of experimental physics at Cambridge. J. J. Thomson was one of the founders of modern physics. ..... Click the link for more information. . The nuclei of isotopes contain identical numbers of protons, equal to the atomic number of the atom, and thus represent the same chemical element, but do not have the same number of neutrons. Thus isotopes of a given element have identical chemical properties but slightly different physical properties and very different half-lives, if they are radioactive (see half-lifehalf-life, measure of the average lifetime of a radioactive substance (see radioactivity) or an unstable subatomic particle. One half-life is the time required for one half of any given quantity of the substance to decay. ..... Click the link for more information. ). For most elements, both stable and radioactive isotopes are known. Radioactive isotopesradioactive isotope or radioisotope, natural or artificially created isotope of a chemical element having an unstable nucleus that decays, emitting alpha, beta, or gamma rays until stability is reached. ..... Click the link for more information. of many common elements, such as carbon and phosphorus, are used as tracers in medical, biological, and industrial research. Their radioactive nature makes it possible to follow the substances in their paths through a plant or animal body and through many chemical and mechanical processes; thus a more exact knowledge of the processes under investigation can be obtained. The very slow and regular transmutations of certain radioactive substances, notably carbon-14, make them useful as "nuclear clocks" for datingdating, the determination of the age of an object, of a natural phenomenon, or of a series of events. There are two basic types of dating methods, relative and absolute. ..... Click the link for more information. archaeological and geological samples. By taking advantage of the slight differences in their physical properties, the isotopes may be separated. The mass spectrographmass spectrograph, device used to separate electrically charged particles according to their masses; a form of the instrument known as a mass spectrometer is often used to measure the masses of isotopes of elements. J. J. Thomson and F. W. Aston showed (c. ..... Click the link for more information. uses the slight difference in mass to separate different isotopes of the same element. Depending on their nuclear properties, the isotopes thus separated have important applications in nuclear energy. For example, the highly fissionable isotope uranium-235 must be separated from the more plentiful isotope uranium-238 before it can be used in a nuclear reactornuclear reactor, device for producing controlled release of nuclear energy. Reactors can be used for research or for power production. A research reactor is designed to produce various beams of radiation for experimental application; the heat produced is a waste product and is ..... Click the link for more information. or atomic bombatomic bomb or A-bomb, weapon deriving its explosive force from the release of nuclear energy through the fission (splitting) of heavy atomic nuclei. The first atomic bomb was produced at the Los Alamos, N.Mex., laboratory and successfully tested on July 16, 1945. ..... Click the link for more information. . IsotopeOne member of a (chemical-element) family of atomic species which has two or more nuclides with the same number of protons (Z) but a different number of neutrons (N). Because the atomic mass is determined by the sum of the number of protons and neutrons contained in the nucleus, isotopes differ in mass. Since they contain the same number of protons (and hence electrons), isotopes have the same chemical properties. However, the nuclear and atomic properties of isotopes can be different. The electronic energy levels of an atom depend upon the nuclear mass. Thus, corresponding atomic levels of isotopes are slightly shifted relative to each other. A nucleus can have a magnetic moment which can interact with the magnetic field generated by the electrons and lead to a splitting of the electronic levels. The number of resulting states of nearly the same energy depends upon the spin of the nucleus and the characteristics of the specific electronic level. See Atomic structure and spectra, Hyperfine structure, Isotope shift Of the 12 elements onfirmed thus far, 81 have at least one stable isotope whereas the others exist only in the form of radioactive nuclides. Some radioactive nuclides (for example, 115In, 232Th, 235U, 238U) have survived from the time of formation of the elements. Several thousand radioactive nuclides produced through natural or artificial means have been identified. See Radioisotope Of the 83 elements which occur naturally in significant quantities on Earth, 20 are found as a single isotope (mononuclidic), and the others as admixtures containing from 2 to 10 isotopes. Isotopic composition is mainly determined by mass spectroscopy. Nuclides with identical mass number (that is, A = N + Z) but differing in the number of protons in the nucleus are called isobars. Nuclides having different mass number but the same number of neutrons are called isotones. See Isobar (nuclear physics), Isotone Isotopic abundance refers to the isotopic composition of an element found in its natural terrestrial state. The isotopic composition for most elements does not vary much from sample to sample. This is true even for samples of extraterrestrial origin such as meteorites and lunar materials brought back to Earth by space missions. However, there are a few exceptional cases for which variations of up to several percent have been observed. There are several phenomena that can account for such variations, the most likely being some type of nuclear process which changes the abundance of one isotope relative to the others. For some of the lighter elements, the processes of distillation or chemical exchange between different chemical compounds could be responsible for isotopic differences. See Nuclear reaction, Radioactivity The areas in which separated (or enriched) isotopes are utilized have become fairly extensive, and a partial list includes nuclear research, nuclear power generation, nuclear weapons, nuclear medicine, and agricultural research. For many applications there is a need for separated radioactive isotopes. These are usually obtained through chemical separations of the desired element following production by means of a suitable nuclear reaction. Separated radioactive isotopes are used for a number of diagnostic studies in nuclear medicine, including the technique of positron tomography. Studies of metabolism, drug utilization, and other reactions in living organisms can be done with stable isotopes such as 13C, 15N, 18O, and 2H. Molecular compounds are “spiked” with these isotopes, and the metabolized products are analyzed by using a mass spectrometer to measure the altered isotopic ratios. isotope[′ī·sə‚tōp]isotopeisotopeOne member of a family of chemical elements that has the same chemical properties (the same atomic number) but differs in mass. Isotopes have the same number of protons and electrons, but a different number of neutrons. The mass is determined by the total number of nucleons (neutrons and protons). See allotrope.isotopeisotope[i´so-tōp]i·so·tope(ī'sō-tōp), An isotope is identified by its symbol preceded by a superscript numeral showing its mass number (12C). Alternatively the mass number may follow the symbol at the same level (C 12). When the name of the element rather than its symbol is used, the numeral must follow and not precede the name (carbon 12). Do not join the numeral to the symbol or the name with a hyphen. The atomic number of an element (the unvarying number of protons in its nucleus) may be shown by a subscript numeral preceding the symbol 6C).isotopeImagingAn MRI term for atomic nuclei that contain the same number of protons, but differ in the number of neutrons in the nucleus of the atom for the element concerned. i·so·tope(ī'sŏ-tōp)isotopeChemically identical elements whose atomic nuclei have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons. The number of protons determines the number of orbital electrons and hence the chemical properties. Radioactive isotopes are called radionuclides. From the Greek iso -, equal and topos , place. Isotopes occupy the same place in the Periodic table of the elements.isotopeany of the forms of an element having the same number of protons (atomic number) but a different number of neutrons (atomic mass). Some isotopes of an element may be radioisotopes (e.g. 12C is not radioactive while 14C is) and yet can function normally in biological material. Isotopes can thus be ‘tagged’ (using suitable detection devices such as geiger counters and autoradiography) as biochemical processes occur. See HALF-LIFE, AUTO RADIO GRAPH.Isotopei·so·tope(ī'sŏ-tōp)isotope
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