Jemal Pasha, Ahmed

(in Turkish, Cemal Pa§a). Born 1872 in Istanbul; died July 10 or 21, 1922, in Tbilisi. Turkish military and state leader; one of the leaders of the Committee of Union and Progress.

Together with Talaat and Enver, Jemal Pasha entered into an unofficial “triumvirate,” which concentrated all power in Turkey on the eve of and during World War I. After the conclusion of the Mudros Armistice of 1918, he fled to Germany and then to Switzerland. From 1920 to 1922 he was a military adviser in Afghanistan. He was killed while returning to Turkey.