iron

i·ron

I0233200 (ī′ərn)n.1. Symbol Fe A silvery-white, lustrous, malleable, ductile, magnetic or magnetizable, metallic element occurring abundantly in combined forms, notably in hematite, limonite, magnetite, and taconite, and used alloyed in a wide range of important structural materials. Atomic number 26; atomic weight 55.845; melting point 1,538°C; boiling point 2,861°C; specific gravity 7.874 (at 20°C); valence 2, 3, 4, 6. See Periodic Table.2. An implement made of iron alloy or similar metal, especially a bar heated for use in branding, curling hair, or cauterizing.3. Great hardness or strength; firmness: a will of iron.4. Sports Any of a series of golf clubs having a bladelike metal head and numbered from one to nine in order of increasing loft.5. A metal appliance with a handle and a weighted flat bottom, used when heated to press wrinkles from fabric.6. A harpoon.7. irons Fetters; shackles.8. A tonic, pill, or other medication containing iron and taken as a dietary supplement.adj.1. Made of or containing iron: iron bars; an iron alloy.2. Strong, healthy, and capable of great endurance: an iron constitution.3. Inflexible; unyielding: iron resolve.4. Holding tightly; very firm: has an iron grip.v. i·roned, i·ron·ing, i·rons v.tr.1. a. To press and smooth with a heated iron: iron clothes.b. To remove (creases) by pressing.2. To put into irons; fetter.3. To fit or clad with iron.v.intr. To iron clothes.Phrasal Verb: iron out To settle through discussion or compromise; work out.Idioms: in irons Nautical Lying head to the wind without steerageway and thus unable to turn either way. iron in the fire An undertaking or project in progress: has many irons in the fire this year.

[Middle English iren, from Old English īren; see eis- in Indo-European roots.]

iron

(ˈaɪən) n1. (Elements & Compounds) a. a malleable ductile silvery-white ferromagnetic metallic element occurring principally in haematite and magnetite. It is widely used for structural and engineering purposes. Symbol: Fe; atomic no: 26; atomic wt: 55.847; valency: 2,3,4, or 6; relative density: 7.874; melting pt: 1538°C; boiling pt: 2862°C. See also steel, cast iron, wrought iron, pig ironferricferrousferro-b. (as modifier): iron railings. 2. (Tools) any of certain tools or implements made of iron or steel, esp for use when hot: a grappling iron; a soldering iron. 3. (Tools) an appliance for pressing fabrics using dry heat or steam, esp a small electrically heated device with a handle and a weighted flat bottom4. (Golf) any of various golf clubs with narrow metal heads, numbered from 1 to 9 according to the slant of the face, used esp for approach shots: a No. 6 iron. 5. (Fishing) an informal word for harpoon¹6. slang US a splintlike support for a malformed leg7. great hardness, strength, or resolve: a will of iron. 8. (Astronomy) astronomy short for iron meteorite9. (Firearms, Gunnery, Ordnance & Artillery) See shooting iron10. strike while the iron is hot to act at an opportune momentadj11. very hard, immovable, or implacable: iron determination. 12. very strong; extremely robust: an iron constitution. 13. cruel or unyielding: he ruled with an iron hand. 14. an iron fist a cruel and unyielding attitude or approach. See also velvet⁶vb15. (Clothing & Fashion) to smooth (clothes or fabric) by removing (creases or wrinkles) using a heated iron; press16. (tr) to furnish or clothe with iron17. (tr) rare to place (a prisoner) in irons[Old English irēn; related to Old High German īsan, Old Norse jārn; compare Old Irish īarn] ˈironer n ˈironless adj ˈironˌlike adj

i•ron

(ˈaɪ ərn)
n. 1. a ductile, malleable, silver-white metallic element, used in its impure carbon-containing forms for making tools, implements, machinery, etc. Symbol: Fe; at. wt.: 55.847; at. no.: 26; sp. gr.: 7.86 at 20°C. 2. something hard, strong, unyielding, or the like: hearts of iron. 3. an instrument, utensil, weapon, etc., made of iron. 4. an appliance with a flat metal bottom, used when heated, as by electricity, to press or smooth clothes, linens, etc. 5. any of a series of nine iron-headed golf clubs having progressively sloped-back faces, used for driving or lofting the ball. Compare wood ¹ (def. 6). 6. a branding iron. 7. a harpoon. 8. irons, shackles or fetters. 9. a sword. adj. 10. of, containing, or made of iron. 11. resembling iron in firmness, strength, color, etc. 12. stern; harsh; cruel. 13. inflexible; unrelenting. 14. strong; robust; healthy. 15. holding or binding strongly: an iron grip. v.t. 16. to smooth or press with a heated iron, as clothes or linens. 17. to furnish, mount, or arm with iron. 18. to shackle or fetter with irons. v.i. 19. to press clothes, linens, etc., with an iron. 20. iron out, to resolve or clear away (difficulties, etc.). Idioms: irons in the fire, undertakings; projects. [before 900; Middle English, Old English īren]

i·ron

(ī′ərn) Symbol Fe A silvery-white, hard, brittle metallic element that occurs abundantly in minerals such as hematite and magnetite. It can be magnetized and is used to make steel and other alloys important in construction and manufacturing. Iron is a component of hemoglobin, which allows red blood cells to carry oxygen and carbon dioxide through the body. Atomic number 26. See Periodic Table. See Note at element.

iron

Past participle: ironed
Gerund: ironing

Imperative
iron
iron

Present
I iron
you iron
he/she/it irons
we iron
you iron
they iron

Preterite
I ironed
you ironed
he/she/it ironed
we ironed
you ironed
they ironed

Present Continuous
I am ironing
you are ironing
he/she/it is ironing
we are ironing
you are ironing
they are ironing

Present Perfect
I have ironed
you have ironed
he/she/it has ironed
we have ironed
you have ironed
they have ironed

Past Continuous
I was ironing
you were ironing
he/she/it was ironing
we were ironing
you were ironing
they were ironing

Past Perfect
I had ironed
you had ironed
he/she/it had ironed
we had ironed
you had ironed
they had ironed

Future
I will iron
you will iron
he/she/it will iron
we will iron
you will iron
they will iron

Future Perfect
I will have ironed
you will have ironed
he/she/it will have ironed
we will have ironed
you will have ironed
they will have ironed

Future Continuous
I will be ironing
you will be ironing
he/she/it will be ironing
we will be ironing
you will be ironing
they will be ironing

Present Perfect Continuous
I have been ironing
you have been ironing
he/she/it has been ironing
we have been ironing
you have been ironing
they have been ironing

Future Perfect Continuous
I will have been ironing
you will have been ironing
he/she/it will have been ironing
we will have been ironing
you will have been ironing
they will have been ironing

Past Perfect Continuous
I had been ironing
you had been ironing
he/she/it had been ironing
we had been ironing
you had been ironing
they had been ironing

Conditional
I would iron
you would iron
he/she/it would iron
we would iron
you would iron
they would iron

Past Conditional
I would have ironed
you would have ironed
he/she/it would have ironed
we would have ironed
you would have ironed
they would have ironed

iron

Club with a metal head.

Thesaurus

Noun	1.	iron - a heavy ductile magnetic metallic element; is silver-white in pure form but readily rusts; used in construction and tools and armament; plays a role in the transport of oxygen by the bloodatomic number 26, Femetal, metallic element - any of several chemical elements that are usually shiny solids that conduct heat or electricity and can be formed into sheets etc.alpha iron - a magnetic allotrope of iron; stable below 906 degrees centigradebeta iron - an allotrope of iron that is the same as alpha iron except that it is nonmagnetic; stable between 768 and 906 degrees centigradegamma iron - a nonmagnetic allotrope of iron that is the basis of austenite; stable between 906 and 1403 degrees centigradedelta iron - an allotrope of iron that is stable between 1403 degrees centigrade and the melting point (= 1532 degrees)ingot iron - iron of high puritycast iron - an alloy of iron containing so much carbon that it is brittle and so cannot be wrought but must be shaped by castingwrought iron - iron having a low carbon content that is tough and malleable and so can be forged and weldedsteel - an alloy of iron with small amounts of carbon; widely used in construction; mechanical properties can be varied over a wide rangegalvanized iron - iron that is coated with zinc to protect it from rustiron ore - an ore from which iron can be extractedpig iron - crude iron tapped from a blast furnacescrap iron - iron to be melted again and reworkedstructural iron - iron that has been cast or worked in structural shapes
	2.	iron - a golf club that has a relatively narrow metal headdriving iron, one iron - (golf) the long iron with the most nearly vertical facegolf-club, golf club, club - golf equipment used by a golfer to hit a golf balllong iron - an iron with a long shaft and a steep face; for hitting long low shotsfive iron, mashie - middle-distance ironmashie niblick, seven iron - iron with a lofted face for hitting high shots to the greenmidiron, two iron - long iron with a nearly vertical faceniblick, nine iron - an iron with considerable loftputting iron, putter - the iron normally used on the putting greenshort iron - an iron with a short shaft and pitched face; for hitting short high shotswedge - (golf) an iron with considerable loft and a broad sole
	3.	iron - implement used to brand live stock branding ironimplement - instrumentation (a piece of equipment or tool) used to effect an end
	4.	iron - home appliance consisting of a flat metal base that is heated and used to smooth clothsmoothing ironflatiron - an iron that was heated by placing it on a stovegauffer, gauffering iron, goffering iron, goffer - an iron used to press pleats and ridgeshome appliance, household appliance - an appliance that does a particular job in the homesteam iron - a pressing iron that can emit steamtravel iron - a small lightweight iron that can be carried while traveling
Verb	1.	iron - press and smooth with a heated iron; "press your shirts"; "she stood there ironing"iron out, pressmangle - press with a mangle; "mangle the sheets"press - place between two surfaces and apply weight or pressure; "pressed flowers"
Adj.	1.	iron - extremely robust; "an iron constitution"cast-ironrobust - sturdy and strong in form, constitution, or construction; "a robust body"; "a robust perennial"

iron

noun1. flat iron, steam iron, electric iron This shirt will never need to see the underside of an iron.2. tool, machine, device, instrument, implement, appliance, apparatus, gadget, utensil, contraption, contrivance a soldering ironplural noun1. chains, shackles, fetters, manacles, bonds These people need to be clapped in irons themselves.adjective1. ferrous, ferric, irony The huge iron gate was locked.2. inflexible, hard, strong, tough, steel, rigid, adamant, unconditional, steely, implacable, indomitable, unyielding, immovable, unbreakable, unbending, obdurate a man of icy nerve and iron will
inflexible flexible, soft, weak, easy, yielding, bending, malleable, pliableiron something out settle, resolve, sort out, eliminate, get rid of, reconcile, clear up, simplify, unravel, erase, eradicate, put right, straighten out, harmonize, expedite, smooth over The various groups had managed to iron out their differences.Related words
adjectives ferric, ferrous
combining form ferro-

iron

nounSomething that physically confines the legs or arms.Used in plural:bond, chain (used in plural), fetter, handcuff (often used in plural), hobble, manacle, restraint, shackle.Archaic: gyve.adjective1. Full of vigor:able-bodied, lusty, red-blooded, robust, strapping, sturdy, vigorous, vital.2. Firmly, often unreasonably immovable in purpose or will:adamant, adamantine, brassbound, die-hard, grim, implacable, incompliant, inexorable, inflexible, intransigent, obdurate, relentless, remorseless, rigid, stubborn, unbendable, unbending, uncompliant, uncompromising, unrelenting, unyielding.Idiom: stubborn as a mule.verbTo smooth by applying heat and pressure:mangle, press.

Translations

熨斗铁高尔夫球铁头球棒烫平熨

iron

(ˈaiən) noun1. (also adjective) (of) an element that is the most common metal, is very hard, and is widely used for making tools etc. Steel is made from iron; The ground is as hard as iron; iron railings; iron determination (= very strong determination).铁2. a flat-bottomed instrument that is heated up and used for smoothing clothes etc. I've burnt a hole in my dress with the iron.熨斗3. a type of golf-club. （高尔夫球）铁头球棒 verb to smooth (clothes etc) with an iron. This dress needs to be ironed; I've been ironing all afternoon.熨ˈironing noun clothes etc waiting to be ironed, or just ironed. What a huge pile of ironing!烫过的或要烫的衣服ˈirons noun plural formerly, a prisoner's chains. They put him in irons. （旧时）镣铐 ˈironing-board noun a padded board on which to iron clothes. 烫衣板ˈironmonger noun a dealer in articles of metal eg tools, locks etc and other goods. 五金商ˈironmongery noun the business or goods of an ironmonger. 五金业，五金器具 have several irons in the fire, have too many etc irons in the fire to be involved in, or doing, several etc things at the same time. 同时要办的事太多iron out1. to get rid of (creases etc) by ironing. 烫平2. to get rid of (difficulties etc) so that progress becomes easier. 消除（困难） strike while the iron is hot to act etc while the situation is favourable. 趁热打铁

iron

→ 烫平zhCN, 熨斗zhCN, 铁zhCN

I need an iron → 我需要一个熨斗

iron

iron,

metallic chemical element; symbol Fe [Lat. ferrum]; at. no. 26; at. wt. 55.845; m.p. about 1,535&degC;; b.p. about 2,750&degC;; sp. gr. 7.87 at 20&degC;; valence +2, +3, +4, or +6. Iron is biologically significant. Because iron is a component of hemoglobin, a red oxygen-carrying pigment of the red blood cells of vertebrates, iron compounds are important in nutrition; one cause of anemia is iron deficiency. For the history of the use of iron, see Iron AgeIron Age,
period in the development of industry that begins with the general use of iron and continues into modern times. In Asia, Egypt, and Europe it was preceded by the Bronze Age. It did not begin in the Americas until the coming of the Europeans.
..... Click the link for more information. .

Properties

Iron is a lustrous, ductile, malleable, silver-gray metal found in Group 8 of the periodic tableperiodic table,
chart of the elements arranged according to the periodic law discovered by Dmitri I. Mendeleev and revised by Henry G. J. Moseley. In the periodic table the elements are arranged in columns and rows according to increasing atomic number (see the table entitled
..... Click the link for more information. . It is known to exist in four distinct crystalline forms (see allotropyallotropy
[Gr.,=other form]. A chemical element is said to exhibit allotropy when it occurs in two or more forms in the same physical state; the forms are called allotropes.
..... Click the link for more information. ). The most common is the α-form, which is stable below about 770&degC;, and has a body-centered cubic crystalline structure; it is often called ferrite. Iron is attracted by a magnet and is itself easily magnetized (see magnetismmagnetism,
force of attraction or repulsion between various substances, especially those made of iron and certain other metals; ultimately it is due to the motion of electric charges.
..... Click the link for more information. ). It is a good conductor of heat and electricity. It displaces hydrogen from hydrochloric or dilute sulfuric acid, but becomes passive (loses its normal chemical activity) when treated with cold nitric acid.

Compounds

Iron forms such compounds as oxides, hydroxides, halides, acetates, carbonates, sulfides, nitrates, sulfates, and a number of complex ions. It is chemically active and forms two major series of chemical compounds, the bivalent iron (II), or ferrous, compounds and the trivalent iron (III), or ferric, compounds. Ferrous sulfate heptahydrate, FeSO₄·7H₂O, sometimes called green vitriol, is a compound formed by the reaction of dilute sulfuric acid (formerly called oil of vitriol) with metallic iron; it is used in the manufacture of ink, in dyeing, and as a disinfectant. Ferric chloride hexahydrate, FeCl₃·6H₂O, is a yellow-brown crystalline compound used as a mordantmordant
[Fr.,=biting], substance used in dyeing to fix certain dyes (mordant dyes) in cloth. Either the mordant (if it is colloidal) or a colloid produced by the mordant adheres to the fiber, attracting and fixing the colloidal mordant dye (see colloid); the insoluble, colored
..... Click the link for more information. in dyeing and as an etching compound. Ferric oxide, Fe₂O₃, is a reddish-brown powder used as a paint pigment and in abrasive rouges. Prussian blue, KFe₂(CN)₆, is a pigment containing the ferrocyanide complex ion. Iron rusts readily in moist air, forming a complex mixture of compounds that is mostly a ferrous-ferric oxide with the composition Fe₃O₄.

Natural Occurrence

Iron is an abundant element in the universe; it is found in many stars, including the sun. Iron is the fourth most abundant element in the earth's crust, of which it constitutes about 5% by weight, and is believed to be the major component of the earth's core. Iron is found distributed in the soil in low concentrations and is found dissolved in groundwaters and the ocean to a limited extent. It is rarely found uncombined in nature except in meteorites, but iron ores and minerals are abundant and widely distributed.

The principal ores of iron are hematitehematite
, mineral, an oxide of iron, Fe₂O₃, containing about 70% metal, occurring in nature in red to reddish-brown earthy masses and in steel-gray to black crystalline forms.
..... Click the link for more information. (ferric oxide, Fe₂O₃) and limonitelimonite
or brown hematite
, yellowish to dark brown mineral, a hydrated oxide of iron, FeO(OH)·nH₂O, occurring commonly in deposits of secondary origin, i.e., those formed by the alteration of minerals containing iron.
..... Click the link for more information. (ferric oxide trihydrate, Fe₂O₃·3H₂O). Other ores include sideritesiderite
or chalybite
, a mineral, varying in color from brown, green, or gray to black and occurring in nature in massive and crystalline form. A carbonate of iron, FeCO₃, it serves as an iron ore, especially in the British Isles.
..... Click the link for more information. (ferrous carbonate, FeCO₃), taconitetaconite,
low-grade iron ore, a flintlike rock usually containing less than 30% iron. Resistant to drilling and to the extraction of its contained metal, the rock was long considered worthless. Experiments begun in 1912 by the American scientist Edward W.
..... Click the link for more information. (an iron silicate), and magnetitemagnetite
, lustrous black, magnetic mineral, Fe₃O₄. It occurs in crystals of the cubic system, in masses, and as a loose sand. It is one of the important ores of iron (magnetic iron ore) and is a common constituent of igneous and metamorphic rocks.
..... Click the link for more information. (ferrous-ferric oxide, Fe₃O₄), which often occurs as a white sand. Iron pyritepyrite
or iron pyrites
, pale brass-yellow mineral, the bisulfide of iron, FeS₂. It occurs most commonly in crystals (belonging to the isometric system and usually in the form of cubes and pyritohedrons) but is also found in massive, granular, and stalactite
..... Click the link for more information. (iron disulfide, FeS₂) is a crystalline gold-colored mineral known as fool's gold. Chromite is a chromium ore that contains iron. Lodestone is a form of magnetite that exhibits natural magnetic properties.

Production and Refining

Iron is produced in the United States chiefly from oxide ores. For many years rich hematite ores were produced by open-pit mining in the Mesabi Range near Lake Superior. However, these ores have been largely depleted, and iron is now produced from low-grade ores that are treated to improve their quality; this process is called beneficiation. Iron ores are refined in the blast furnaceblast furnace,
structure used chiefly in smelting. The principle involved in this means of extracting metals is that of the reduction of the ores by the action of carbon monoxide, i.e., the removal of oxygen from the metal oxide in order to obtain the metal.
..... Click the link for more information. . The product of the blast furnace is called pig iron and contains about 4% carbon and small amounts of manganese, silicon, phosphorus, and sulfur. About 95% of this iron is processed further to make steelsteel,
alloy of iron, carbon, and small proportions of other elements. Iron contains impurities in the form of silicon, phosphorus, sulfur, and manganese; steelmaking involves the removal of these impurities, known as slag, and the addition of desirable alloying elements.
..... Click the link for more information. , often by the open-hearth process or the Bessemer processBessemer process
[for Sir Henry Bessemer], industrial process for the manufacture of steel from molten pig iron. The principle involved is that of oxidation of the impurities in the iron by the oxygen of air that is blown through the molten iron; the heat of oxidation raises the
..... Click the link for more information. , but more recently in the United States and other countries by the basic oxygen processbasic oxygen process,
method of producing steel from a charge consisting mostly of pig iron. The charge is placed in a furnace similar to the one used in the Bessemer process of steelmaking except that pure oxygen instead of air is blown into the charge to oxidize the impurities
..... Click the link for more information. or by an electric arc furnace. The balance is cast in sand molds into blocks called pigs. It is further processed in iron foundries (see castingcasting
or founding,
shaping of metal by melting and pouring into a mold. Most castings, especially large ones, are made in sand molds. Sand, mixed with a binder to hold it together, is pressed around a wooden pattern that leaves a cavity in the sand.
..... Click the link for more information. ).

Cast Iron

Cast iron is made when pig iron is remelted in small cupola furnaces (similar to the blast furnace in design and operation) and poured into molds to make castings. It usually contains 2% to 6% carbon. Scrap iron or steel is often added to vary the composition. Cast iron is used extensively to make machine parts, engine cylinder blocks, stoves, pipes, steam radiators, and many other products. Gray cast iron, or gray iron, is produced when the iron in the mold is cooled slowly. Part of the carbon separates out in plates in the form of graphite but remains physically mixed in the iron. Gray iron is brittle but soft and easily machined. White cast iron, or white iron, which is harder and more brittle, is made by cooling the molten iron rapidly. The carbon remains distributed throughout the iron as cementite (iron carbide, Fe₃C). A malleable cast iron can be made by annealing white iron castings in a special furnace. Some of the carbon separates from the cementite; it is much more finely divided than in gray iron. A ductile iron may be prepared by adding magnesium to the molten pig iron; when the iron is cast the carbon forms tiny spherical nodules around the magnesium. Ductile iron is strong, shock resistant, and easily machined.

Wrought Iron

Wrought iron is commercially purified iron. In the Aston process, pig iron is refined in a Bessemer converter and then poured into molten iron silicate slag. The resulting semisolid mass is passed between rollers that squeeze out most of the slag. The wrought iron has a fibrous structure with threads of slag running through it; it is tough, malleable, ductile, corrosion resistant, and melts only at high temperatures. It is used to make rivets, bolts, pipes, chains, and anchors, and is also used for ornamental ironworkironwork, ornamental.
The shaping of wrought iron, used almost exclusively until the 16th cent., is primarily an art of the blacksmith, who must work with the metal while it is at the desired stage of heat and flexibility.
..... Click the link for more information. .

Bibliography

See W. H. Dennis, Metallurgy of the Ferrous Metals (1963) and Foundations of Iron and Steel Metallurgy (1967).

iron

(ÿ -ern) 1. See nucleosynthesis. 2. Short for iron meteorite.

iron

A metallic element found in the earth’s crust, consisting of a malleable, ductile, magnetic substance from which pig iron and steel are manufactured.

Iron

(religion, spiritualism, and occult)

Iron is regarded as near-magical and frequently credited with supernatural powers. The first iron implements appeared about the third millennium BCE, in Mesopotamia. The Aztecs called iron "the gift from heaven" because it fell in the form of meteors. The ancient Egyptians called it "the metal from the sky." Talismans of meteoric iron were placed in the tomb of Tutankhamen. The Roman historian Pliny claimed that a house would be protected from evil spirits if iron coffinnails were placed above the entranceway.

Dr. G. Storms points out that iron manifestly takes its power from the fact that the material was "better and scarcer than wood or stone for making tools, and from the mysterious way in which it was originally found: in meteoric stones." Specialists were needed to obtain the iron from the ore and harden it. These specialists— blacksmiths—became looked upon as magicians. The best-known smith was probably Wayland Smith, the smith of the Norse gods, depicted on the seventh-century Northumbrian Franks Casket.

Whitlock suggests that when the bronze-using British were invaded by ironusing newcomers from Europe in the first millennium BCE, they retreated, feeling that they had been defeated by magic rather than superior strength. Iron has since remained a magical metal, used to fight evil, keep fairies and demons at bay, and even ward off witches. An iron horseshoe nail would be laid in a baby's cradle to prevent the fairies from stealing the baby and leaving a changeling. An iron horseshoe would be nailed up over the entrance to a house to protect the house from fire and to keep evil at bay. Early pins were made of iron, so to stick a wax or clay figure with pins was to work powerful magic (see image magic).

Iron

(Latin Fermm), Fe, a chemical element in Group VIII of the Mendeleev periodic system. Atomic number, 26; atomic weight, 55.847. A shiny silver-white metal. The element in the natural state consists of four stable isotopes: ⁵⁴Fe (5.84 percent), ⁵⁶Fe (91.68 percent), ⁵⁷Fe (2.17 percent), and ⁵⁸Fe(0.31 percent).

Historical information. Iron was known even in prehistoric times, but it came into extensive use much later, since it is very rarely found naturally in the free state, and its preparation from ores became possible only at a certain level of technical development. It is probable that man first became acquainted with meteoric iron; this is indicated by its names in the languages of ancient peoples. The ancient Egyptian be-ni-pet means “celestial iron,” and the ancient Greek sideros is associated with the Latin sidus (genitive sideris), meaning “star” or “heavenly body.” Hittite texts of the 14th century B.C. mention iron as a metal that has fallen from heaven. The Romance languages preserve the root of the name given it by the Romans (for example, French fer and Italian ferro).

A method of producing iron from ores was invented in western Asia in the second millennium B.C.; the use of iron subsequently spread to Babylon, Egypt, and Greece. The Bronze Age was followed by the Iron Age. In the 23rd book of the Iliad, Homer recounts that Achilles awarded a discus made of iron bloom to the victor in a discus-throwing competition. For many centuries in Europe and Old Russia iron was made by blooming. Iron ore was reduced with wood charcoal in a furnace made in a pit; air was blown onto the hearth by means of bellows, and the product of reduction (the bloom) was separated from the slag by hammering, and various articles were forged from it. As the methods of blowing were perfected and the furnace height was increased, the temperature of the process rose, and part of the iron was carburized—that is, pig iron was produced. This comparatively brittle product was regarded as scrap; hence its name. Later it was found that when the furnace was charged with pig iron rather than iron ore, a low-carbon bloom also resulted; such a two-stage process proved more favorable than blooming. The refinery method was used extensively as early as the 12th and 13th centuries. In the 14th century cast iron began to be smelted not only as an intermediate for further processing but also as a material for casting various articles. The redesigning of the hearth into a shaft furnace and then into a blast furnace took place during that period. In Europe in the mid-18th century the crucible process began to be used to make steel. This process was known in Syria even in the early Middle Ages but was later lost. In this method steel was made in small vessels (crucibles) of highly refractory material by melting metal charges. The puddling process for converting pig iron to iron on the hearth of a reverberatory furnace began to develop in the last quarter of the 18th century. The Industrial Revolution of the 18th and early 19th century, the invention of the steam engine, and the building of railroads, large bridges, and a steam-powered fleet gave rise to a great demand for iron and its alloys. However, the existing methods of making iron could not satisfy the needs of the market. Large-scale production of iron began only in the mid-19th century when the Bessemer, Thomas, and open-hearth processes were developed. In the 20th century the electric smelting process, which yielded high quality steel, was discovered and became widespread.

Occurrence in nature. Iron is the second most common metal in the lithosphere (4.65 percent by weight; aluminum is in first place). It migrates vigorously in the earth’s crust, forming about 300 minerals (oxides, sulfides, silicates, carbonates, titanates, phosphates, and others). Iron participates actively in magmatic, hydro thermal, and supergene processes, with which the formation of various kinds of its deposits are associated. Iron is a metal of the earth’s depths; it accumulates at the early stages of crystallization of magma, in ultrabasic rock (9.85 percent) and basic rock (8.56 percent). (In granites the total amount is 2.7 percent.) In the biosphere, iron accumulates in many marine and continental sediments, forming sedimentary ores.

Oxidation-reduction reactions—the passage of divalent iron to trivalent and vice versa—play an important part in the geochemistry of iron. In the biosphere, in the presence of organic substances, Fe³⁺ is reduced to Fe²⁺, migrates readily, and, upon encountering atmospheric oxygen, is oxidized, yielding an accumulation of trivalent iron hydroxides. Wide-spread trivalent iron compounds are red, yellow, and brown; this determines the color of many sedimentary rocks and their name, “red formation” (red and brown loams and clays, yellow sands, and so on).

Physical and chemical properties. The significance of iron in contemporary technology is determined not only by its extensive natural distribution but also by a combination of very valuable properties. It is plastic, easily forged whether cold or hot, and can be drawn, stamped, and rolled. Its capacity for dissolving carbon and other elements is the basis for making various iron alloys.

Iron can exist in the form of two crystal lattices: a body-centered cubic lattice and a face-centered cubic lattice. Below 910°C, αFe with a body-centered cubic lattice is stable (a = 2.86645 angstroms [Å] at 20°C). Between 910°C and 1400°C, the γ-modification with a face-centered cubic lattice is stable (a = 3.64 Å). Above 1400°C the body-centered cubic lattice of δ-Fe (a = 2.94 Å) forms and is stable up to its melting point (1539°C). Up to 769°C (the Curie point), α-Fe is ferromagnetic. The γ- and δ-Fe modifications are paramagnetic.

The polymorphous transformations of iron and steel upon heating and cooling were discovered in 1868 by D. K. Chernov. Carbon forms solid interstitial solutions with iron, in which carbon atoms of small atomic radius (0.77 Å) are located in the interstices of the crystal lattice of the metal, which consists of larger atoms (the atomic radius of Fe is 1.26 Å). The solid solution of carbon in γ-Fe is called austenite; the solution in α-Fe is called ferrite. The saturated solid solution of carbon in γ-Fe contains 2.0 percent carbon by weight at 1130°C; α-Fe dissolves only 0.02–0.04 percent C at 723°C and less than 0.01 percent at room temperature. Therefore, hardening of austenite yields martensite, a supersaturated solid solution of carbon in α-Fe, which is very hard and brittle. A combination of hardening and tempering (heating to relatively low temperatures to reduce internal stresses) makes it possible to impart to steel the required combination of hardness and plasticity.

The physical properties of iron depend on its purity. In industrial ferrous materials, iron is usually accompanied by admixtures of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus. Even at very low concentrations these impurities can greatly alter the properties of the metal. Thus, sulfur causes so-called red shortness, phosphorus (even 10⁻² percent P) causes cold brittleness, carbon and nitrogen reduce plasticity, and hydrogen increases brittleness (so-called hydrogen brittleness). A reduction in impurities to 10⁻⁷−10⁻⁹ percent leads to an essential change in the properties of the metal, particularly an increase in plasticity. The physical properties of iron, mainly those for metal with a total impurity content of less than 0.01 percent by weight, are given in Table 1.

The configuration of the external electron shell of the Fe atom is 3_d⁶4s². The valence of iron is variable (divalent and trivalent iron compounds are the most stable). With oxygen, iron yields ferrous oxide, FeO; ferric oxide, Fe₂O₃; and ferrosoferric oxide, Fe₃O₄ (a compound of FeO with Fe₂O₃, having

Table 1. Main properties of iron
Atomic radius..................	1.26Å
Ionic radii..................	0.80Å (Fe²⁺) 0.67 Å (Fe³⁺)
Density (20°C)..................	7.874 g/cm³
Melting point..................	1539°C
Boiling point..................	c. 3200°C
Coefficient of linear expansion (20°C)..................	11.7 × 10^-6
Thermal conductivity (25°C)..................	74.04 W/(m°K), or 0.177 cal/(cm.sec.deg)
Specific heat..................	depends on structure and varies complexly with temperature: mean specific heat (0°-1000°C), 640.57 J/(kg°K), or 0.153 cal/(g.deg)
Specific electric resistance (20°C)..................	9.7 × 10^-8 ohms.m, or 9.7 × 10^-6 ohms.cm
Temperature coefficient of electric resistance (0°-100°C)..................	6.51×10^-3
Young’s modulus..................	190-210 × 10³ MN/m², or 19-21 × 10³ kgf/mm²
Temperature coefficient of Young’s modulus..................	4 × 10^-8
Shear modulus..................	84.0 × 10³ MN/m², or 8.4×10³ kgf/mm²
Short-term tensile strength..................	170-210 MN/m², or 17-21 kgf/mm²
Relative extension..................	45-55%
Brinell hardness..................	350-450 MN/m², or 35-45 kgf/mm²
Yield point..................	100 MN/m², or 10 kgf/mm²
Impact strength..................	300 MN/m², or 30 kgf/mm²

a spinel structure). In moist air at ordinary temperatures iron becomes covered with a friable rust (Fe₂O₃ . nH₂O). Because of its porosity, the rust does not prevent access of oxygen and moisture to the metal and therefore does not protect it from further oxidation. Millions of tons of iron are lost annually through various forms of corrosion. When iron is heated in dry air above 200°C, it becomes covered with a very thin oxide film, which protects the metal from corrosion at ordinary temperatures; this is the basis of the technical method of protecting carburized or low-alloyed steel and pig iron by bluing. Upon heating in water vapor, iron oxidizes, with the formation of Fe₃O₄ (below 570°C) or FeO (above 570°C) and the liberation of hydrogen.

The hydroxide Fe(OH)₂ forms as a white precipitate upon the action of caustic alkalies or ammonia on aqueous solutions of Fe²⁺ salts in a hydrogen or nitrogen atmosphere. Upon contact with air, Fe(OH)₂ first turns green, then darkens and finally quickly becomes a reddish-brown hydroxide Fe(OH)₃. Ferrous oxide, FeO, exhibits basic properties. The oxide Fe₂O₃ is amphoteric and has a weak acidic function; it reacts with more basic reagents (such as MgO) to yield fer-rites, compounds of the type Fe₂O₃.MeO, which have ferromagnetic properties and are widely used in radio electronics. Acidic properties are also exhibited by hexavalent iron, which exists in the form of ferrates, such as K₂FeO₄, and salts of ferric acid, which has not been produced in the free state.

Iron reacts readily with halogens and halogen hydrides to give salts, such as the chlorides FeCl₂ and FeCl₃. Heating iron with sulfur gives the sulfides FeS and FeS₂. The carbides of iron are Fe₃C (cementite) and Fe₂C (∊-carbide), which precipitate from solid solutions of carbon in iron upon cooling. The compound Fe₃C also separates from solutions of carbon in liquid iron at high carbon concentrations. Like carbon, nitrogen forms solid interstitial solutions with iron; the nitrides Fe₄N and Fe₂N separate from them. With hydrogen, iron gives only unstable hydrides whose composition has not been accurately determined. Silicon and phosphorus react vigorously with iron upon heating, forming silicides (for example, Fe₃Si) and phosphides (Fe₃P).

The compounds of iron with many elements (such as oxygen and sulfur) have a crystalline structure and variable composition; thus, in the monosulfide the sulfur content can vary from 50 to 53.3 atomic percent. This is caused by defects in the crystal structure. Thus, in ferrous oxide, some of the Fe²⁺ ions at the lattice sites are replaced by Fe³⁺ ions; to preserve electrical neutrality, some lattice sites that belonged to Fe²⁺ ions remain empty, and under ordinary conditions the phase (wustite) has the formula Fe_0.947O.

For the reaction Fe ⇆ Fe²⁺ + 2e, the normal electrode potential of iron in aqueous solutions of its salts is –0.44 volts (V); for the reaction Fe ⇆ Fe³⁺ + 3e, it is –0.036 volts. Thus, iron is to the left of hydrogen in the activity series. It dis-solves readily in dilute acids, with the liberation of H₂ and the formation of Fe²⁺ ions.

The reaction of iron with nitric acid is unique. Concentrated nitric acid (density 1.45 g/cm³) renders iron passive through the formation of a protective oxide film. More dilute nitric acid dissolves iron to give Fe²⁺ or Fe³⁺ ions, reducing to NH₃or N₂O and N₂.

Solutions of the salts of divalent iron are unstable in air; Fe²⁺ gradually oxidizes to Fe³⁺. Aqueous solutions of iron salts are acidic as a result of hydrolysis. The addition of thiocyanate ions SCN– to solutions of ferric salts produces a bright blood-red color as a result of the formation of Fe(SCN)₃, making possible the detection of 1 part Fe³⁺ in about 10⁶ parts water. The formation of complex compounds is characteristic of iron.

Preparation and use. Pure iron is produced in relatively small quantities by electrolysis of aqueous solutions of its salts or by the reduction of iron oxides by hydrogen. A method of producing iron directly from its ores by electrolysis of melts is being developed. The production of iron of sufficient purity by direct reduction of ore concentrates with hydrogen, natural gas, or coal at relatively low temperatures is increasing.

Iron is the most important metal in modern technology. There is virtually no use for pure iron because of its low strength, although in everyday life articles made of steel or cast iron are often called iron articles. Most iron is used in the form of alloys of very diverse compositions and properties. About 95 percent of the entire output of metals consists of iron alloys. High-carbon alloys (2 percent or more by weight)—pig irons—are smelted from enriched iron ores in blast furnaces. Various grades of steel (with less than 2 percent carbon by weight) are made from pig iron in open hearth and electric furnaces by the oxidation of excess carbon, removal of harmful impurities (mainly sulfur, phosphorus, and oxygen), and the addition of alloying elements. High-alloyed steels (with a high content of nickel, chromium, tungsten, and other elements) are smelted in electric arc and induction furnaces. New processes, including vacuum and electroslag re-melting and plasma and electron-beam melting, are used in making steel and iron alloys for particularly critical applications. Methods are being developed for smelting steel in continuous plants, which provide high metal quality and a high degree of automation of the process.

Iron is used as the basis for creating materials able to with-stand high and low temperatures, vacuum, high pressures, aggressive mediums, large variable stresses, nuclear radiation, and so on. The production of iron and its alloys is constantly increasing. In 1971, 89.3 million tons of pig iron and 121 million tons of steel were smelted in the USSR.

L. A. SHVARTSMAN and L. V. VANIUKOVA

Iron as an artistic material. Iron was used as an artistic material from ancient times in Egypt (head support from the tomb of Tutankhamen near Thebes, mid-14th century B.C., Ashmolean Museum, Oxford), Mesopotamia (daggers found near Carchemish, 500 B.C., British Museum, London), and India (iron column in Delhi, A.D. 415). Numerous highly artistic iron objects from the Middle Ages—forged railings, door hinges, wall brackets, weathervanes, bindings of chests, and mountings for torches—have been preserved in European countries (Britain, France, Italy, and Russia). One-piece forged articles made from rods, as well as articles of cut sheet iron (often with a mica backing), are characterized by their plane shapes and sharp linear and graphic outline and look well against a background of light and air. Today, iron is used to make gratings, fences, openwork interior partitions, candle-sticks, and monuments.

T. L.

Iron in the organism. Iron is present in all animals and plants (on the average, about 0.02 percent); it is mainly necessary for oxygen exchange and oxidation processes. Some organisms (so-called concentrators) are able to accumulate large amounts of iron (for example, iron bacteria, up to 17–20 percent). Almost all the iron in animal and plant organisms is bound to proteins. Iron deficiency causes retarded growth and chlorosis of plants, which are associated with reduced chlorophyll formation. Excess iron also has a bad effect on plant growth, causing flower sterility in rice, as well as chlorosis. In alkaline soils, iron compounds that are not available for assimilation by plant roots are formed, and the plants do not get enough iron; in acidic soils, iron passes into soluble compounds in excess quantities. When insufficient or excess assimilable iron compounds are present in soils, sickness of plants may occur over considerable areas.

In humans and animals, iron is ingested with food (richest in iron are liver, meat, eggs, legumes, grains, groats, spinach, and beets). Humans ordinarily ingest 60–110 mg of iron in their diet, which greatly exceeds the daily requirement. Iron ingested with the food is absorbed in the upper part of the small intestine, from which it passes into the blood in a form bound to protein and is conveyed in the blood to various organs and tissues, where it is deposited as an iron-protein complex, ferritin. The main repository of iron in the body is in the liver and spleen. The synthesis of all iron compounds in the body takes place because of ferritin; the divalent iron pigment hemoglobin is synthesized in bone marrow, myoglobin is synthesized in the muscles, and cytochromes are synthesized in various tissues. Iron is excreted from the body mainly through the walls of the colon (in humans, about 6–10 mg in 24 hours), and to an insignificant extent through the kidneys.

The body’s iron requirements change with growth and physical condition. Children need 0.6 mg per kg of weight per day; adults, 0.1 mg; and pregnant women, 0.3 mg. For animals the approximate iron requirement is not less than 50 mg per kg (dry weight) of feed for milch cows, 30–50 mg for young stock, up to 200 mg for young pigs, and 60 mg for pregnant sows.

V. V. KOVAL’SKII

Iron in medicine. Medicinal preparations made from iron (reduced iron, ferrous lactate, ferric glycerophosphate, ferrous sulfate, Blaud’s pills, iron malate solution, feramid, and gemostimulin) are used to treat the disorders accompanying iron insufficiency in the body (iron-deficiency anemia) and as general tonics (during recovery from infectious diseases). Iron isotopes (52Fe, 55Fe, and 59Fe) are used as tracers in medical and biological research and the diagnosis of blood diseases (anemia, leucosis, and polycythemia).

REFERENCES

Obshchaia metallurgiia. Moscow, 1967.
Nekrasov, B. V. Osnovy obshchei khimii, vol. 3. Moscow, 1970.
Remy, H. Kurs neorganicheskoi khimii, vol. .2. Moscow, 1966. (Translated from German.)
Kratkaia khimicheskaia entsiklopediia, vol. 2. Moscow, 1963.
Levinson, N. R. [“Izdeliia iz tsvetnogo i chernogo metalla.”] In Russkoe dekorativnoe iskusstvo, vols. 1–3. Moscow, 1962–65.
Vernadskii, V.I. Biogeokhimicheskie ocherki: 1922–1932. Moscow-Leningrad, 1940.
Granik, S. “Obmen zheleza u zhivotnykh i rastenii.” In the collection Mikroelementy. Moscow, 1962. (Translated from English.)
Dixon, M., and E. Webb. Fermenty. Moscow, 1966. (Translated from English.)
Neogi, P. Iron in Ancient India. Calcutta, 1914.
Friend, J. N. Iron in Antiquity. London, 1926.
Frank, E. B. Old French Ironwork. Cambridge, Mass., 1950.
Lister, R. Decorative Wrought Ironwork in Great Britain. London, 1960.

What does it mean when you dream about iron?

Iron is associated with strength and willpower (an “iron will”), which may play into the meaning of a dream in which iron is explicitly a part.

iron

[′ī·ərn] (chemistry) A silvery-white metallic element, symbol Fe, atomic number 26, atomic weight 55.847, melting at 1530°C. (metallurgy) A heavy, magnetic, malleable and ductile metal occurring in meteorites and combined in a wide range of ores and most igneous rocks; it is one of the most widely used metals, and plays a role in biological processes.

iron

A ductile metallic element from which pig iron and steel are made; used in its relatively crude form for making tools, castings, and so on. Also see bar iron, cast iron, malleable iron, ornamental iron, wrought iron.

iron

1. a. a malleable ductile silvery-white ferromagnetic metallic element occurring principally in haematite and magnetite. It is widely used for structural and engineering purposes. See also steel, cast iron, wrought iron, pig iron. Symbol: Fe; atomic no.: 26; atomic wt.: 55.847; valency: 2,3,4, or 6; relative density: 7.874; melting pt.: 1538?C; boiling pt.: 2862?C b. (as modifier): iron railings 2. any of certain tools or implements made of iron or steel, esp for use when hot 3. an appliance for pressing fabrics using dry heat or steam, esp a small electrically heated device with a handle and a weighted flat bottom 4. any of various golf clubs with narrow metal heads, numbered from 1 to 9 according to the slant of the face, used esp for approach shots 5. an informal word for harpoon

iron

Hardware, especially older and larger hardware of mainframeclass with big metal cabinets housing relatively low-densityelectronics (but the term is also used of modernsupercomputers). Often in the phrase big iron. Opposesilicon.

See also dinosaur.

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What does it mean when you dream about iron?

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Patient discussion about iron

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Synonyms for iron

noun flat iron

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noun tool

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noun chains

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adj ferrous

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adj inflexible

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phrase iron something out

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Synonyms for iron

noun something that physically confines the legs or arms

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adj full of vigor

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adj firmly, often unreasonably immovable in purpose or will

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verb to smooth by applying heat and pressure

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Synonyms for iron

noun a heavy ductile magnetic metallic element

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noun a golf club that has a relatively narrow metal head

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noun implement used to brand live stock

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noun home appliance consisting of a flat metal base that is heated and used to smooth cloth

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verb press and smooth with a heated iron

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