investiture

investiture,

in feudalismfeudalism
, form of political and social organization typical of Western Europe from the dissolution of Charlemagne's empire to the rise of the absolute monarchies. The term feudalism is derived from the Latin feodum,
..... Click the link for more information. , ceremony by which an overlord transferred a fief to a vassal or by which, in ecclesiastical law, an elected cleric received the pastoral ring and staff (the symbols of spiritual office) signifying the transfer of the office. After the oath of fealty, the lord "invested" the vassal with the fief, usually by giving him some symbol of the land or office transferred.

The dispute over clerical investiture was one of the great struggles between church and statechurch and state,
the relationship between the religion or religions of a nation and the civil government of that nation, especially the relationship between the Christian church and various civil governments.
..... Click the link for more information. in the Middle Ages. The problem stemmed from the dual position of the important bishops and abbots, who were temporal as well as spiritual lords. Thus from early times both king and pope were concerned with clerical election and installation.

History of the Investiture Dispute

When the struggle concerning investiture broke out (late 11th cent.), there was no general agreement as to the powers of the pope and the Holy Roman emperor in installing German bishops; it was only generally recognized that both had rights in the matter. Although investiture meant the ecclesiastical ceremony itself, it also more widely applied to the whole matter of election and installation. Lay investiture was the term used for investiture of clerics by the king or emperor, a layman. The right of a temporal prince to give spiritual power was claimed only by the extremists of the imperial party, but there was wide debate over canonical election, royal assent, and papal assent.

Pope Gregory VIIGregory VII, Saint,
d. 1085, pope (1073–85), an Italian (b. near Rome) named Hildebrand (Ital. Ildebrando); successor of Alexander II. He was one of the greatest popes. Feast: May 25.
..... Click the link for more information. and Holy Roman Emperor Henry IVHenry IV,
1050–1106, Holy Roman emperor (1084–1105) and German king (1056–1105), son and successor of Henry III. He was the central figure in the opening stages of the long struggle between the Holy Roman Empire and the papacy.
..... Click the link for more information. began the open struggle. The clerical reform movement generated the crisis; it was essential that the church have the power of selecting bishops if church reforms—abolition of simonysimony
, in canon law, buying or selling of any spiritual benefit or office. The name is derived from Simon Magus, who tried to buy the gifts of the Holy Spirit from St. Peter (Acts 8). Simony is a very grave sin, and ecclesiastics who commit it may be excommunicated.
..... Click the link for more information. , clerical marriage, and political and economic abuse—were to be carried out. Holy Roman Emperor Henry IIIHenry III,
1017–56, Holy Roman emperor (1046–56) and German king (1039–56), son and successor of Conrad II. He was crowned joint king with his father in 1028, and acceded on Conrad's death in 1039.
..... Click the link for more information. (d. 1056) had cooperated with the reform party, but in the minority of Henry IV, abuses were rife.

The reform party came to feel that complete abolition of lay investiture was the necessary prerequisite for its goals. In 1075, Gregory forbade lay investiture, and the bitter struggle began in earnest. The encouragement of rebellious nobles in Germany and the excommunication of Henry IV were followed by steady warfare. Although only one phase of the contest, investiture was a crucial issue. Especially in such difficult times, the emperor needed power over the bishop-princes. The papacy also maintained its ground.

After the death (1085) of Gregory VII, the argument took a new turn, and after the death (1106) of Henry IV the strain was lessened. However, Pope Paschal IIPaschal II
[Lat.,=of Easter], d. 1118, pope (1099–1118), an Italian (b. near Ravenna) named Ranieri; successor of Urban II. He was a monk and, as a reformer, was made a cardinal by Pope Gregory VII. He was a loyal supporter of Urban II as well. His reign began auspiciously.
..... Click the link for more information. , continuing the policy of his predecessors Gregory VII and Urban IIUrban II,
c.1042–1099, pope (1088–99), a Frenchman named Odo (or Eudes) of Lagery; successor of Victor III. He studied at Reims and became a monk at Cluny. He went to Rome, as prior of Cluny, early in the reign of St. Gregory VII.
..... Click the link for more information. , condemned lay investiture, although he entered negotiations for settlement. Holy Roman Emperor Henry VHenry V,
1081–1125, Holy Roman emperor (1111–25) and German king (1105–25), son of Henry IV. Crowned joint king with his father in 1099, he put himself at the head of the party desiring reconciliation with the pope and, with the approval of Pope Paschal II,
..... Click the link for more information. maintained the claims of his father and extended them ruthlessly. He made a vague settlement before his coronation, but at the last moment refused to surrender lay investiture; he seized the pope and forced him to surrender the church claims. Paschal later disavowed this forced agreement. The emperor and the antipopes he had set up effectively staved off settlement.

Under Pope Gelasius II some progress was made, but it was not until 1122 that churchmen succeeded in bringing about an agreement in the Concordat of Worms (see Worms, Concordat ofWorms, Concordat of,
1122, agreement reached by Pope Calixtus II and Holy Roman Emperor Henry V to put an end to the struggle over investiture. By its terms the emperor guaranteed free election of bishops and abbots and renounced the right to invest them with ring and staff, the
..... Click the link for more information. ) between Henry V and Pope Calixtus IICalixtus II,
Callixtus II,
or Callistus II,
d. 1124, pope (1119–24), named Guy of Burgundy, successor of Gelasius II. The son of count William I of Burgundy, he was archbishop of Vienne during the investiture controversy with Holy Roman Emperor
..... Click the link for more information. . The compromise was a victory, although far from complete, for the church. The same problem recurred in struggles between the pope and other rulers. In France trouble between church and state centered in general on other issues (see Innocent IIIInnocent III,
b. 1160 or 1161, d. 1216, pope (1198–1216), an Italian, b. Anagni, named Lotario di Segni; successor of Celestine III. Innocent III was succeeded by Honorius III.
..... Click the link for more information. ; Philip IVPhilip IV
(Philip the Fair), 1268–1314, king of France (1285–1314), son and successor of Philip III. The policies of his reign greatly strengthened the French monarchy and increased the royal revenues.
..... Click the link for more information. ; GallicanismGallicanism
, in French Roman Catholicism, tradition of resistance to papal authority. It was in opposition to ultramontanism, the view that accorded the papacy complete authority over the universal church.
..... Click the link for more information. ).

In England, William I (William the Conqueror) came into conflict with the church, and William II embarked on a struggle over investiture. His abuse of power, particularly in keeping sees vacant, intensified the struggle that reached a climax in the long battle between King Henry IHenry I,
1068–1135, king of England (1100–1135), youngest son of William I. He was called Henry Beauclerc because he could write. He quarreled with his elder brothers, William II of England and Robert II, duke of Normandy, and attempted with little success to
..... Click the link for more information. and AnselmAnselm, Saint
, 1033?–1109, prelate in Normandy and England, archbishop of Canterbury, Doctor of the Church (1720), b. Aosta, Piedmont. After a carefree youth of travel and schooling in Burgundy he became a disciple and companion of Lanfranc, the famed theologian and prior
..... Click the link for more information. . In 1107 a compromise provided that bishops and abbots should be invested by the church but should render homage to the king. Later trouble between church and state in England arose from other issues.

Bibliography

See R. W. Carlyle and A. J. Carlyle, A History of Medieval Political Theory in the West (6 vol., 1903–36, repr. 1962); G. Tellenbach, Church, State, and Christian Society at the Time of the Investiture Contest (tr. 1940, repr. 1970); K. F. Morrison, The Investiture Controversy (1971). See also bibliography under Holy Roman EmpireHoly Roman Empire,
designation for the political entity that originated at the coronation as emperor (962) of the German king Otto I and endured until the renunciation (1806) of the imperial title by Francis II.
..... Click the link for more information. ; Middle AgesMiddle Ages,
period in Western European history that followed the disintegration of the West Roman Empire in the 4th and 5th cent. and lasted into the 15th cent., i.e., into the period of the Renaissance.
..... Click the link for more information. .

Investiture

in the Middle Ages in Western Europe the juridical act of conferring a land fief or a secular or religious position. The act of investiture confirmed a vassal dependency and was accompanied by a symbolic ritual in which the lord handed down to his vassal some symbol of authority, such as a handful of turf, a glove, a sword, a spear, a banner, or a scepter.

A special kind of investiture was the ecclesiastical investiture, consisting in the appointment of someone to a position in the church or induction into a holy order. It was accompanied by two acts: the conferring of a crozier (pastoral staff) and ring, symbols of spiritual authority, and the transfer of land holdings and of a scepter, the symbol of secular authority. Until the end of the 11th century the right of ecclesiastical investiture in fact belonged to the secular authority (in England to the king, and in the Holy Roman Empire to the emperor).

At the end of the 11th century the papacy advanced its claims to the exclusive right of ecclesiastical investiture. In 1075, Pope Gregory VII, who regarded the subordination of the West European clergy to his own authority as the first step in the Roman Curia’s assumption of political leadership over the countries of Western Europe, forbade the emperor to invest prelates. The so-called investiture controversy then arose between the empire and the papacy (1076), interwoven with the efforts of the secular and ecclesiastical aristocracy to block Henry IV’s attempt to strengthen the royal power in Germany. The German bishops resisted the attempts by both the emperor and the pope to limit their own independence. In the fierce and lengthy struggle, a critical episode of which was Canossa (1077), neither side succeeded in gaining a victory. It was only in 1122 that a compromise solution was reached in the Concordat of Worms. Prelates elected by chapters received their spiritual investiture from the pope and the secular clergy theirs from the emperor. In Germany the emperor was assured of participation in the selection of prelates, who were granted secular investiture immediately after selection; in Italy and Burgundy the emperor was denied a part in the selection of prelates and could grant them secular investiture only six months later. The Concordat of Worms was in general more advantageous to the pope than to the emperor: it confirmed the de facto collapse of the episcopal system, which had been a weapon of royal power since the time of Otto I (936–973). The prolonged struggle over investiture facilitated the strengthening of the independence of the ecclesiastical and secular princes in Germany.

The dispute over investiture was also extended to other countries in Western Europe, although nowhere did it take on such an acute form as in the empire. The conflict between the royal power and the papacy in England and France ended (in France in 1104 and in England in 1107) in a compromise: the kings abandoned investiture with ring and crozier, but they retained the right of conferring holdings on bishops and continued to exert a de facto influence on their selection.

REFERENCES

Bernheim, E. Quellen zur Geschichte des Investiturstreites, parts 1–2. Leipzig-Berlin, 1913–14.
Brooke, Z. N. Lay Investitute and Its Relation to the Conflict of Empire and Papacy. Oxford, 1939.

N. F. KOLESNITSKII

investiture

(in feudal society) the formal bestowal of the possessory right to a fief or other benefice

Investiture

In ecclesiastical law, one of the formalities by which an archbishop confirms the election of a bishop. During the feudal ages, the rite by which an overlord granted a portion of his lands to his vassal.

The investiture ceremony, which took place in the presence of other vassals, consisted of the vassal taking an oath of fealty to the overlord who, in turn, gave him a clod of dirt or a twig, symbolic of the open and notorious transfer of possession of the land. The ritual, used at a time when writing and record keeping were not widely practiced, fixed the date of the vassal's acquisition of the land and, in cases of disputes over the land, provided a source of evidence in the form of testimony of the vassals who witnessed the proceedings.

Cross-references

Feudalism.

INVESTITURE, estates. The act of giving possession of lands by actual seisin When livery of seisin was made to a person by the common law he was invested with the whole fee; this, the foreign feudists and sometimes 'our own law writers call investiture, but generally speaking, it is termed by the common law writers, the seisin of the fee. 2 Bl. Com. 209, 313; Feame on Rem. 223, n. (z).
2. By the canon law investiture was made per baculum et annulum, by the ring and crosier, which were regarded as symbols of the episcopal jurisdiction. Ecclesiastical and secular fiefs were governed by the same rule in this respect that previously to investiture, neither a bishop, abbey or lay lord could take possession of a fief. conferred upon them previously to investiture by the prince.
3. Pope Gregory VI. first disputed the right of sovereigns to give investiture of ecclesiastical fiefs, A. D. 1045, but Pope Gregory VII. carried. on the dispute with much more vigor, A. D. 1073. He excommunicated the emperor, Henry IV. The Popes Victor III., Urban II. and Paul II., continued the contest. This dispute, it is said, cost Christendom sixty-three battles, and the lives of many millions of men. De Pradt.

investiture

in·ves·ti·ture

investiture

in•ves•ti•ture

investiture

investiture

invest²

investiture

investiture,

History of the Investiture Dispute

Bibliography

Investiture

REFERENCES

investiture

Investiture

Investiture

Cross-references

investiture

Synonyms for investiture

noun installation

Synonyms

Synonyms for investiture

noun the act or process of formally admitting a person to membership or office

Synonyms

Synonyms for investiture

noun the ceremony of installing a new monarch

Synonyms

Related Words

noun the ceremonial act of clothing someone in the insignia of an office

Synonyms

Related Words

investiture

in·ves·ti·ture

investiture

in•ves•ti•ture

investiture

investiture

invest2

investiture

investiture,

History of the Investiture Dispute

Bibliography

Investiture

REFERENCES

investiture

Investiture

Investiture

Cross-references

investiture

Synonyms for investiture

noun installation

Synonyms

Synonyms for investiture

noun the act or process of formally admitting a person to membership or office

Synonyms

Synonyms for investiture

noun the ceremony of installing a new monarch

Synonyms

Related Words

noun the ceremonial act of clothing someone in the insignia of an office

Synonyms

Related Words

invest²