Born Oct. 20, 1859, in Burlington, Vt.; died June 1, 1952, in New York. American idealist philosopher. One of the foremost representatives of pragmatism.

Dewey graduated from the University of Vermont in 1879. He was a professor at the universities of Michigan and Chicago as well as Columbia University (1904-30). Dewey developed a new variant of pragmatism—instrumentalism. He also worked out a pragmatic methodology in logic and a theory of knowledge. According to Dewey, the various types of human activity are essentially instruments, created by man in order to solve individual and social problems. Knowledge is treated by Dewey in the spirit of behaviorism, as a complex form of conduct and in the final analysis, as a means of struggling for biological survival. Truth is defined not as correspondence to objective reality but as practical effectiveness, or utility.

In addition to immutable truths, Dewey also rejected the existence of immutable ethical standards, declaring achievement and practical efficiency to be the criteria of morality. Like science, morality consists merely of technical, operative means of social maneuvering in any given interests. Having rejected the traditional forms of religion, Dewey replaced them with his own “naturalistic” or “humanistic” religion (a kind of bogostroitel’stvo [god-creating]). Dewey reduces the aesthetic to the sensory (“art is life”) and treats it as any expression of harmony or equilibrium between the organism and its environment.

As a social thinker Dewey argued as an ideologist of bourgeois liberalism and the “American way of life.” To the ideas of class conflict he juxtaposed the ideas of class cooperation and “meliorism”—that is, a gradual improvement of society. (Dewey assigned reforms in teaching a special place in this process.) The League for Independent Political Action, which Dewey headed, actively participated in anti-Soviet propaganda. During World War II (1939-45), Dewey argued from positions of bourgeois liberalism against the ideology of fascism, especially against the violence done to pedagogy by the Nazis.

The goal of Dewey’s theory of education is the formation of personalities that can “adapt themselves to various situations” under the bourgeois system of free enterprise. Critical of the prevailing type of school in the USA for its estrangement from life, as well as for the abstract, scholastic nature of instruction, Dewey proposed a reform of the entire school system. He opposed a school system based on the acquisition and assimilation of knowledge, advocating a teaching system that stressed “learning by doing,” so that all knowledge would be drawn from the child’s own activity and personal experience. In the schools that operated according to Dewey’s system there was no rigid program with a sequential system of subjects to be studied. Instead, the only subjects studied were those that might find practical use in the pupils’ life experiences. Dewey was the ideologist of the so-called pedocentric theory and method of instruction, in accordance with which the decisive and guiding role of the teacher in the processes of instruction and upbringing is diminished, and teaching is reduced to guiding the pupils’ own activity and arousing their curiosity. Dewey’s method assigns an excessively important place to games, improvisation, field trips, amateur art activity, and housekeeping, as well as to work. To the concept of disciplining pupils, Dewey contrasted and advocated the development of their individuality.

Dewey paid special attention to evoking loyalty to bourgeois democracy among children. He assigned great importance to the role of the family in upbringing and to drawing parents into the task of implementing the teaching process. With this goal in mind, he organized the Parent-Teacher Association.

Dewey’s pedagogical ideas have had great influence on the general character of teaching and education in schools in the USA and certain other countries, in particular, Soviet schools of the 1920’s. This influence was reflected in the so-called multiple programs and the problem-solving method, which were applied during the 1920’s. Dewey made several trips to various countries (China, Japan, Mexico, Great Britain, and Turkey) in order to disseminate his pedagogical ideas, and in 1928 he visited the USSR.