| 释义 |
leather
leath·er L0092700 (lĕth′ər)n.1. The dressed or tanned hide of an animal.2. Any of various articles or parts made of dressed or tanned hide, such as a boot or strap.3. The flap of a dog's ear.tr.v. leath·ered, leath·er·ing, leath·ers 1. To cover wholly or in part with the dressed or tanned hide of an animal.2. Informal To beat with a strap made of hide.adj.1. Made of, relating to, or resembling dressed or tanned animal hide.2. Slang Of or relating to the wearing of leather, or patronized by people who wear leather, especially as a sexual fetish: a leather bar.
[Middle English lether, from Old English lether- (as in letherhose, leather pants).]leather (ˈlɛðə) n1. a. a material consisting of the skin of an animal made smooth and flexible by tanning, removing the hair, etcb. (as modifier): leather goods. coriaceousleathern2. (Clothing & Fashion) (plural) leather clothes, esp as worn by motorcyclists3. (Zoology) the flap of a dog's earvb (tr) 4. to cover with leather5. to whip with or as if with a leather strap[Old English lether- (in compound words); related to Old High German leder, Old Norse lethr-]leath•er (ˈlɛð ər)
n. 1. the skin of an animal with the hair removed and prepared by tanning or a similar process to preserve it and make it pliable or supple when dry. 2. an article made of this material. adj. 3. pertaining to, made of, or resembling leather. 4. Slang. a. designating or pertaining to a person who wears leather clothing as a sign of rough masculinity, esp. a homosexual. b. catering to such persons: gay leather bars. v.t. 5. to cover or furnish with leather. 6. Informal. to beat with a leather strap. [before 1000; Middle English lether, Old English lether-, c. Old Saxon lethar, Old High German ledar, Old Norse lethr, Middle Irish lethar] leather
Past participle: leathered
Gerund: leathering
| Present |
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| I leather | | you leather | | he/she/it leathers | | we leather | | you leather | | they leather |
| Preterite |
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| I leathered | | you leathered | | he/she/it leathered | | we leathered | | you leathered | | they leathered |
| Present Continuous |
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| I am leathering | | you are leathering | | he/she/it is leathering | | we are leathering | | you are leathering | | they are leathering |
| Present Perfect |
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| I have leathered | | you have leathered | | he/she/it has leathered | | we have leathered | | you have leathered | | they have leathered |
| Past Continuous |
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| I was leathering | | you were leathering | | he/she/it was leathering | | we were leathering | | you were leathering | | they were leathering |
| Past Perfect |
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| I had leathered | | you had leathered | | he/she/it had leathered | | we had leathered | | you had leathered | | they had leathered |
| Future |
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| I will leather | | you will leather | | he/she/it will leather | | we will leather | | you will leather | | they will leather |
| Future Perfect |
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| I will have leathered | | you will have leathered | | he/she/it will have leathered | | we will have leathered | | you will have leathered | | they will have leathered |
| Future Continuous |
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| I will be leathering | | you will be leathering | | he/she/it will be leathering | | we will be leathering | | you will be leathering | | they will be leathering |
| Present Perfect Continuous |
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| I have been leathering | | you have been leathering | | he/she/it has been leathering | | we have been leathering | | you have been leathering | | they have been leathering |
| Future Perfect Continuous |
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| I will have been leathering | | you will have been leathering | | he/she/it will have been leathering | | we will have been leathering | | you will have been leathering | | they will have been leathering |
| Past Perfect Continuous |
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| I had been leathering | | you had been leathering | | he/she/it had been leathering | | we had been leathering | | you had been leathering | | they had been leathering |
| Conditional |
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| I would leather | | you would leather | | he/she/it would leather | | we would leather | | you would leather | | they would leather |
| Past Conditional |
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| I would have leathered | | you would have leathered | | he/she/it would have leathered | | we would have leathered | | you would have leathered | | they would have leathered |
Thesaurus| Noun | 1. |  leather - an animal skin made smooth and flexible by removing the hair and then tanningpiece of leather - a separate part consisting of leatheranimal skin - the outer covering of an animalgrain - the side of leather from which the hair has been removedalligator - leather made from alligator's hidebuckskin - a soft yellowish suede leather originally from deerskin but now usually from sheepskinbuff - a soft thick undyed leather from the skins of e.g. buffalo or oxenooze leather - a very soft leather made from the skins of calves and having a suede finish on the flesh sideRussia leather - a smooth leather tanned with willow, birch, or oak, and scented on the flesh side with birch oilcalfskin, calf - fine leather from the skin of a calfwhit leather, white leather - a leather that has been treated with alum and/or saltchammy, chammy leather, chamois, chamois leather, shammy, shammy leather - a soft suede leather formerly from the skin of the chamois antelope but now from sheepskincordovan - a fine leather originally made in Cordoba, Spaincowhide, cowskin - leather made from the hide of a cowcrush, crushed leather - leather that has had its grain pattern accentuateddeerskin - leather from the hide of a deerdoeskin - soft leather from deerskin or lambskinglove leather - leather suitable for making gloveshorsehide - leather from the hide of a horsekidskin, kid - soft smooth leather from the hide of a young goat; "kid gloves"mocha - soft suede glove leather from goatskinmorocco - a soft pebble-grained leather made from goatskin; used for shoes and book bindings etc.patent leather - leather with a hard glossy surfacepigskin - leather from the skin of swinesheepskin, fleece - tanned skin of a sheep with the fleece left on; used for clothingshoe leather - leather used to make shoessuede, suede leather - leather with a napped surfaceroan - a soft sheepskin leather that is colored and finished to resemble morocco; used in bookbinding | | Verb | 1. | leather - whip with a leather strapflog, lash, lather, trounce, welt, whip, slash, strap - beat severely with a whip or rod; "The teacher often flogged the students"; "The children were severely trounced" |
leathernoun skin, hide, pelt a sleeveless jacket made of leatherverb hit, beat, strike, belt (informal), pound, break, knock, punch, batter, bruise, lash, thrash, lick (informal), flog, pelt, clobber, thwack, lambast(e), lay one on (slang), drub They leathered me because they thought I could tell them where she'd gone.Related words
adjective coriaceous, leathernTranslationsleather (ˈleðə) noun, adjective (of) the skin of an animal prepared for making clothes, luggage etc. shoes made of leather; a leather jacket/case. 皮革，皮製的 皮革，皮革的 ˈleathery adjective like leather, especially tough. The plant had broad, leathery leaves. 皮革般的(尤指強韌度) 似皮革的，皮般强韧的 leather
leather-lunged(used before a noun) Having an extremely or inordinately loud or strong voice, as of someone with very robust lungs. Despite her petite frame, the leather-lunged lead singer was able to shake the audience with her soulful outpourings.as ever trod shoe-leatherAs ever walked the earth; as ever lived. You're as talented a baseball player as ever trod shoe-leather!See also: ever, trodgo hell for leatherTo move, act, or do something very quickly or as quickly as possible. When her ex-boyfriend walked into the party, Patty went hell for leather to get out of there.See also: go, hell, leatherhell for leatherVery quickly or as quickly as possible. When her ex-boyfriend walked into the party, Patty went hell for leather to get out of there.See also: hell, leatherbe (as) tough as shoe leather1. To be physically strong and/or rarely sick or injured; to be very tough. Marty has played in 500 straight games—he's tough as shoe leather. Bert is as tough as shoe leather, so get him to help you move all this furniture!2. To have a tough, leathery skin (as of meat). This meat is as tough as shoe leather—I can't even cut it!See also: leather, shoe, tough(as) tough as leatherHaving great strength of body, mind, or will; no susceptible to sickness or injury. My grandmother is tough as leather—she lived through the Great Depression and raised four kids pretty much all on her own! That guy's tough as leather; 400 consecutive games, and not even a sprained ankle.See also: leather, toughhell-bent for leatherVery quickly or as quickly as possible. The "leather" in the phrase is thought to refer to a horse's saddle or whip. When her ex-boyfriend walked into the party, Patty went hell-bent for leather to get out of there.See also: leatherleather or featherRed meat (typically beef or mutton) or poultry (typically chicken). We've got both lamb and chicken curries available, so which would you like—leather or feather? Our restaurant's aim isn't to convince people to stop eating meat, but simply to give them a delicious alternative to leather or feather.See also: feather, leatherhell-bent for leatherInf. moving or behaving recklessly; riding a horse fast and recklessly. They took off after the horse thief, riding hell-bent for leather. Here comes the boss. She's not just angry; she's hell-bent for leather.See also: leather*tough as an old boot and *tough as old (shoe) leather 1. [of meat] very tough. (*Also: as ~.) This meat is tough as an old boot. Bob couldn't eat the steak. It was as tough as an old boot. 2. [of someone] very strong willed. (*Also: as ~.) When Brian was lost in the mountains, his friends did not fear for him; they knew he was tough as leather. My English teacher was as tough as an old boot. 3. [of someone] not easily moved by feelings such as pity. (*Also: as ~.) She doesn't care. She's as tough as old shoe leather. He was born tough as an old boot and has only grown more rigid.See also: boot, old, toughhell-bent for leatherMoving recklessly fast, as in Out the door she went, hell-bent for leather. The use of hell-bent in the sense of "recklessly determined" dates from the first half of the 1800s. Leather alludes to a horse's saddle and to riding on horseback; this colloquial expression may be an American version of the earlier British army jargon hell for leather, first recorded in 1889. See also: leatherhell for leather mainly BRITISH1. If you go hell for leather, you move very quickly, and often recklessly. They ran hell for leather to catch up. We bought a map, filled up and drove hell for leather to Lisbon. Note: You can also use hell-for-leather before a noun. There was a hell-for-leather dash to get the train.2. If you do something hell for leather, you do it very quickly and energetically. Once I decide to write a play, I go for it hell for leather. Note: This expression may originally have related to horse riding. `Leather' would refer to a saddle. See also: hell, leathertough as leather 1. If something is as tough as leather, it is very tough. Her hands were tough as leather.2. If someone is tough as leather, they have a strong character or body and do not get upset or hurt easily. He's shown he's tough as leather.See also: leather, toughhell for leather as fast as possible. This phrase dates from the late 19th century, and originally referred to riding a horse at reckless speed.See also: hell, leatherhell for ˈleather (old-fashioned, British English, informal) with the greatest possible speed, energy, etc: I saw a man going hell for leather down the street, with two policemen running after him.This is from horse riding. A rider can hit a horse with a strip of leather to make it run faster.See also: hell, leatherleather or feather n. a choice of beef or chicken for a meal on an airplane. (Contrived.) What do the victims get today? Oh, yes, it’s leather or feather. See also: feather, leatherride hell (bent) for leather, toTo move as fast as possible. Hell in this expression dates from the nineteenth century and simply implies very fast (as in “to go like hell”); the origin of leather, however, is no longer known. The most common citation is Rudyard Kipling’s poem “Shillin’ a Day” (1892): “When we rode Hell-for-leather, Both squadrons together.” The variant, hellbent, means stubbornly determined (or “bent on going to hell”) as well as very fast, and is an early nineteenth-century Americanism. Sue MacVeigh used it in her 1940 murder mystery, Streamlined Murder: “It was going hell-bent for election.”See also: hell, ridehell-bent for leatherMoving rapidly and with determination. “Hell” in this case strengthens the word “bent,” which means a direct route (although it sounds as though it should mean the opposite). “Leather” refers either to a saddle or to a whip used to urge a horse to move faster, or perhaps items. “Hell for leather” meaning “all deliberate haste” was a popular phrase in itself. Among a number of variants is “hell-bent for election,” said to have originated with the 1840 Maine gubernatorial race and appearing in an 1899 Stephen Crane story: “One puncher racin' his cow-pony hell-bent-for-election down Main Street.” Others are “hell-bent for breakfast,” “for Sunday,” and “for Georgia.”See also: leatherleather
leather, skin or hide of animals, cured by tanningtanning,
process by which skins and hides are converted into leather. Vegetable tanning, a method requiring more than a month even with modern machinery and tanning liquors, employs tannin; its use is shown in Egyptian tomb paintings dating from 3000 B.C.
..... Click the link for more information. to prevent decay and to impart flexibility and toughness. Prehistoric and primitive peoples preserved pelts with grease and smoke and used them chiefly for shoes, garments, coverings, tents, and containers. Today pelts are prepared for tanning by dehairing, usually with lime, followed by fleshing and cleaning. After tanning, leather is generally treated with fats to assure pliability. The practice of shaving leather to the required thickness was abandoned early in the 18th cent. after the invention of a machine that split the tanned leather into a flesh layer and a grain (hair-side) layer; skivers are thin, soft grains used for linings and for covering firm surfaces. Characteristic grains may be brought out by rubbing, as in morocco leather (goatskin), or may be imitated by embossing. Finishes include glazing, a high glaze being achieved by rolling with glass cylinders; coloring with stains or dyes; enameling or lacquering as for patent leather; and sueding, buffing with emery or carborundum wheels to raise a nap, usually on the flesh side. Russia leather, originally vegetable-tanned calfskin dressed with birch oil that imparted a characteristic odor and often dyed red with brazilwood, is a term now covering a number of variants. Rawhide is similar to parchmentparchment,
untanned skins of animals, especially of the sheep, calf, and goat, prepared for use as a writing material. The name is a corruption of Pergamum, the ancient city of Asia Minor where preparation of parchment suitable for use on both sides was achieved in the 2d cent.
..... Click the link for more information. and is untanned. Cordovan, or Spanish, leather, a soft, colored leather made at Córdoba during the Middle Ages and often richly modeled and gilded, is imitated for wall coverings, panels, and screens. Leather is much used in bookbindingbookbinding.
The art and business of bookbinding began with the protection of parchment manuscripts with boards. Papyrus had originally been produced in rolls, but sheets of parchment came to be folded and fastened together with sewing by the 2d cent. A.D.
..... Click the link for more information. . Artificial leather, made since about 1850, was originally a strong fabric coated with a rubber composition or with a synthetic substance such as pyroxylin. Since World War II, materials made from vinyl polymers have far outstripped the earlier artificial leathers in commercial importance.Leather a material made from the skin of an animal. Leather is the processed dermis (with preservation of its basic natural fibrous structure), whose properties are changed by mechanical, physical, and chemical action, depending on the intended use. In the USSR, leather is divided into four classes according to use: shoe leather, harness and saddle leather, industrial leather, and clothing and haberdashery leather. Shoe leather includes leather intended for the uppers and bottoms of shoes. A distinction is made between bottom leather attached by screws and by thread and glue (welt, sewn, and glued fastening). Such leather is resistant to bending and compression and is made from the hides of cattle, camels, pigs, horses, and marine animals, with the addition of various tannins. Leather for shoe bottoms is classified according to the type of tanning, the character of the finish, the thickness at a standard point (for the fifth to sixth categories, 1.75 to 7 mm), quality (four grades), and configuration (whole hides, half hides, and so on). Combined tanning with chromium compounds, tannides, and syntans and sometimes with compounds of zirconium, aluminum, and other materials is usually used in making leather for shoe soles. Chrome-tanned leathers, in spite of their great wear resistance, are not used widely because of a number of disavantages, including high wettability, inability to hold their shape, low friction coefficient when wet, and difficulty of finishing. Shoe bottom leather is used to make soles, insoles, and other shoe components. Sole leather must have a good capacity for withstanding the deformations of abrasion, compression, and bending, and it must also maintain its linear dimensions upon wetting and subsequent drying. Leather for welt methods of fastening may be less stiff than leather used for screw fastening, with an elastic modulus under tension of 60–100 meganewtons per sq m (MN/m2), or 600–1,000 kilograms-force per sq cm (kgf/cm2), rather than 100–120 MN/m2 (1,000–1,200 kgf/cm2); however, the leather must be sufficiently dense to retain the thread tacks after part of the stitches have been abraded away on the walking surface of the sole. Leather with greater plasticity is selected for sewn methods of fastening, since excessive stiffness makes the manufacturing process difficult and the threads wear out quickly during use. For the glue fastening method the fibrous structure of the dermis must be compact. The required properties of sole leather are provided by the selection of the raw material. Leather for shoe uppers is a soft material that is subjected to repeated stretching and compression, bending, and the action of dust, dirt, and chemical substances both during use and in the process of manufacturing shoe parts. The leather should be sufficiently air- and vapor-permeable but impermeable to water. For shoe uppers, a distinction is made between chrome-tanned leather and Russia leather. The earlier method of classifying upper leather according to the method of fastening has become obsolete, since both Russia leather and chrome-tanned leather are widely used to make shoes fastened by various means. Russia leather is used for the uppers of heavy work or army shoes and sandals. It is also sub-divided according to the type of raw material used, the configuration, the method of tanning, the pigmentation, the thickness (from 1.5 to 3 mm), the size, and the class. The necessary properties of Russia leather for shoe (resistance to repeated bending and stretching and high water impermeability) are achieved mainly by strong separation of the structure of the collagen fibers of the dermis (intensive liming) and the introduction of a large quantity of oily substances (absolutely dry leather contains more than 31 percent oil). Russia leather for shoes must also be resistant to perspiration (since the upper of a heavy boot is made without a lining) and vapor-permeable (for evaporation of perspiration). Heat-resistant Russia leather, which is notable for its high content of chromium compounds and several fillers, is used for shoes whose rubber soles are attached by hot vulcanization. Russia leather for sandals must be more elastic, but not stiff, and less lubricated (8–16 percent oil), with a well-finished outer surface. Chrome-tanned leather for shoe uppers is tanned with chromium or chromium and zirconium, sometimes with additional tanning with synthetic tannins, tannides, or tanning amino resins; it is normally oiled (3.7 to 12 percent oil) and is 0.06 to 2 mm thick. Varnished leather and lining leather are also made. They must be soft, evenly colored, and without spots and other defects. They are classified according to the type of raw material, configuration, area, thickness, character of the finish (smooth or tooled), method of finishing (with a natural or artificial outer surface, with a matte outer surface, with a glossy outer surface, or with the flesh side out), the type of coating (casein, acrylic, nitrocellulose, and so on), and quality. Varnished leather is mainly distinguished from ordinary chrome-tanned leather only by its finish (the application to the outer surface of a film of varnish—oil, polyurethane, nitrocellulose, or mixed). Varnished leather must be flexible, with an evenly glossy and noncracking varnish film, a sharply defined grain, and a carefully finished flesh side. It is used predominantly for fashion shoes and haberdashery. Shoe lining leather is made from the discarded semifinished products of the tanning process. Harness and saddle leather is used to make straps, holsters, bags, and cases, as well as equestrian accessories (parts of the bridle, straps, and saddlebags) and harnesses. Cowhide and pigskin are used for these articles. All types of harness and saddle leather are made using combined tanning methods. Rawhide is used to make the parts of the harness (straps, reins, and joints), because straps made from it are highly resistant to breakage. Industrial leathers are used to make drive belts and machine parts. Leather for drive belts is made from the back of cowhides (bulls and dry cows). They must have great durability when stretched, high density, great elasticity, and uniform thickness. The high elasticity of such leathers is achieved by introducing significant quantities of oily substances and by intense stretching of the hide backs and the bands cut from them for the belts, as | Table 1. Properties of some types of artificial and natural sole leather |
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| | Density (g/cm3) | Average life of shoes (months) | Weight of one pair of soles (g) | Relative consumption of rubber per pair (percent) |
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| Natural sole leather | 0.9–1.3 | 4 | 320 | — | | Nonporous colored rubber | 1.1–1.5 | 3–4 | 520 | 100 | | Porous colored rubber | 1 .0–1 .2 | 5–6 | 360 | 80 | | Lightened porous rubber | 0.40–0.9 | 7–12 | 210–320 | 40–70 | | Extra-light porous rubber | 0.15–0.25 | 7–12 | 70–130 | 15–25 |
well as by stretching the belts themselves during their manufacture. Industrial leathers are used to make such machine parts as twisting hoses (parts of combing and carding machines), couplings, driving straps for looms, gaskets, packing cups, and dividing straps. Clothing and haberdashery leather is a soft material made from fine leather raw materials using chrome and combined tanning methods. Clothing kidskin, noted for its great toughness, is made from the skin of sheep. In addition, pigskin is used to make clothing. Haberdashery goods are sometimes made from chrome-tanned leather. Haberdashery leathers must be evenly colored, not fragile, and resistant to friction. In some cases they undergo stamping (cutting of an artificial grain). Leather for gloves is made from the skin of sheep, goats, foals, piglets, dogs, and other animals, with the application of chrome, aluminum-chrome, and oil tanning. Such leathers must be soft, plastic, and tough. REFERENCEKhimiia i tekhnologiia kozhi i mekha, 2nd ed. Moscow, 1970.L. P. GAIDAROV leather[′leth·ər] (materials) Dressed hide or skin of an animal. leather1. a. a material consisting of the skin of an animal made smooth and flexible by tanning, removing the hair, etc. b. (as modifier): leather goods 2. the flap of a dog's ear
www.leathertown.com/info_hist_leather.htmleather
leather Sexology
A fetish in which sexual stimulation and sexuoeroticism is achieved through the wearing or touching of leather or leather garments.
Vox populi
Tanned animal skin—especially from grazing animals, such as cows—that is worn as a garment, used to cover furniture, for heavy-duty straps, etc.AcronymsSeeLTHRleather
Synonyms for leathernoun skinSynonymsverb hitSynonyms- hit
- beat
- strike
- belt
- pound
- break
- knock
- punch
- batter
- bruise
- lash
- thrash
- lick
- flog
- pelt
- clobber
- thwack
- lambast(e)
- lay one on
- drub
Words related to leathernoun an animal skin made smooth and flexible by removing the hair and then tanningRelated Words- piece of leather
- animal skin
- grain
- alligator
- buckskin
- buff
- ooze leather
- Russia leather
- calfskin
- calf
- whit leather
- white leather
- chammy
- chammy leather
- chamois
- chamois leather
- shammy
- shammy leather
- cordovan
- cowhide
- cowskin
- crush
- crushed leather
- deerskin
- doeskin
- glove leather
- horsehide
- kidskin
- kid
- mocha
- morocco
- patent leather
- pigskin
- sheepskin
- fleece
- shoe leather
- suede
- suede leather
- roan
verb whip with a leather strapRelated Words- flog
- lash
- lather
- trounce
- welt
- whip
- slash
- strap
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