man

M0069600 (măn)n. pl. men (mĕn) 1. An adult male human.2. A human regardless of sex or age; a person.3. A human or an adult male human belonging to a specific occupation, group, nationality, or other category. Often used in combination: a milkman; a congressman; a freeman.4. The human race; mankind: man's quest for peace.5. A male human endowed with qualities, such as strength, considered characteristic of manhood.6. Informal a. A husband.b. A male lover or sweetheart.7. mena. Workers.b. Enlisted personnel of the armed forces: officers and men.8. A male representative, as of a country or company: our man in Tokyo.9. A male servant or subordinate.10. Informal Used as a familiar form of address for a man: See here, my good man!11. One who swore allegiance to a lord in the Middle Ages; a vassal.12. Games Any of the pieces used in a board game, such as chess or checkers.13. Nautical A ship. Often used in combination: a merchantman; a man-of-war.14. often Man Slang A person or group felt to be in a position of power or authority. Used with the: "Their writing mainly concerns the street life—the pimp, the junky, the forces of drug addiction, exploitation at the hands of 'the man'" (Black World).tr.v. manned, man·ning, mans 1. To supply with men, as for defense or service: man a ship.2. To take stations at, as to defend or operate: manned the guns.3. To fortify or brace: manned himself for the battle ahead.interj. Used as an expletive to indicate intense feeling: Man! That was close.Phrasal Verb: man up Slang To take an action displaying stereotypically masculine virtues such as decisiveness or courage.Idioms: as one man1. In complete agreement; unanimously.2. With no exception: They objected as one man. (one's) own man Independent in judgment and action. to a man Without exception: All were lost, to a man.

[Middle English, from Old English mann; see man- in Indo-European roots.]Usage Note: Traditionally, many writers have used man and words derived from it to designate any or all of the human race regardless of sex. In fact, this is the oldest use of the word. In Old English the principal sense of man was "a human," and the words wer and wyf (or wæpman and wifman) were used to refer to "a male human" and "a female human" respectively. But in Middle English man displaced wer as the term for "a male human," while wyfman (which evolved into present-day woman) was retained for "a female human." Man also continued to carry its original sense of "a human," resulting in an asymmetric arrangement that many criticize as sexist. Despite the objections to the generic use of man, a solid majority of the Usage Panel still approves of it. For example, the sentence If early man suffered from a lack of information, modern man is tyrannized by an excess of it was acceptable to 79 percent of the Panel in our 2004 survey, and the sentence The site shows that man learned to use tools much earlier than scientists believed possible was acceptable to 75 percent. However, only 48 percent approved of the generic plural form of man, as in Men learned to use tools more than ten thousand years ago, probably because the plural, unlike the singular man, suggests that one is referring to actual men of ten thousand years ago, taking them as representative of the species. · A substantial majority of the Panel also accepts compound words derived from generic man, and resistance to these compounds does not appear to be increasing. In the 2004 survey, 87 percent accepted the sentence The Great Wall is the only manmade structure visible from space—essentially the same percentage that accepted this sentence in 1988 (86 percent). In the 2004 survey, 86 percent also accepted The first manmade fiber to be commercially manufactured in the US was rayon, in 1910, suggesting that context makes no difference on this issue. · As a verb, man was originally used in military and nautical contexts, when the group performing the action consisted entirely of men. In the days when only men manned the decks, there was no need for a different word to include women. Today, the verb form of man can be considered sexist when the subject includes or is limited to women, as in the sentence Members of the League of Women Voters will be manning the registration desk. But in our 2004 survey only 26 percent of the Usage Panel considered this sentence to be unacceptable. This is noticeably fewer Panelists than the 56 percent who rejected this same sentence in 1988. This suggests that for many people the issue of the generic use of man is not as salient as it once was. See Usage Notes at chairman, -ess, men.

man

(mæn) n, pl men (mɛn) 1. an adult male human being, as distinguished from a woman2. (modifier) male; masculine: a man child. 3. archaic a human being regardless of sex or age, considered as a representative of mankind; a person4. (sometimes capital) human beings collectively; mankind: the development of man. 5. (Anthropology & Ethnology) a. a member of any of the living races of Homo sapiens, characterized by erect bipedal posture, a highly developed brain, and powers of articulate speech, abstract reasoning, and imaginationb. any extinct member of the species Homo sapiens, such as Cro-Magnon man6. (Zoology) a. a member of any of the living races of Homo sapiens, characterized by erect bipedal posture, a highly developed brain, and powers of articulate speech, abstract reasoning, and imaginationb. any extinct member of the species Homo sapiens, such as Cro-Magnon man7. (Anthropology & Ethnology) a member of any of the extinct species of the genus Homo, such as Java man, Heidelberg man, and Solo man8. (Zoology) a member of any of the extinct species of the genus Homo, such as Java man, Heidelberg man, and Solo man9. an adult male human being with qualities associated with the male, such as courage or virility: be a man. 10. manly qualities or virtues: the man in him was outraged. 11. a. a subordinate, servant, or employee contrasted with an employer or managerb. (in combination): the number of man-days required to complete a job. 12. (Military) (usually plural) a member of the armed forces who does not hold commissioned, warrant, or noncommissioned rank (as in the phrase officers and men)13. (Military) a member of a group, team, etc14. a husband, boyfriend, etc: man and wife. 15. an expression used parenthetically to indicate an informal relationship between speaker and hearer16. (Games, other than specified) a movable piece in various games, such as draughts17. slang South African any person: used as a term of address18. (Historical Terms) a vassal of a feudal lord19. as one man with unanimous action or response20. be one's own man to be independent or free21. he's your man he's the person needed (for a particular task, role, job, etc)22. man and boy from childhood23. sort out the men from the boys separate the men from the boys to separate the experienced from the inexperienced24. to a man a. unanimouslyb. without exception: they were slaughtered to a man. interjinformal an exclamation or expletive, often indicating surprise or pleasurevb (tr) , mans, manning or manned25. to provide with sufficient people for operation, defence, etc: to man the phones. 26. to take one's place at or near in readiness for action27. (Falconry) falconry to induce (a hawk or falcon) to endure the presence of and handling by man, esp strangers[Old English mann; related to Old Frisian man, Old High German man, Dutch man, Icelandic mathr] ˈmanless adjUsage: The use of man and mankind to mean human beings in general is often considered sexist. Gender-neutral alternatives include human beings, people and humankind. The verb to man can also often be replaced by to staff, to operate and related words. Gender-neutral alternatives to manpower include personnel and staff.

Man

(mæn) n (sometimes not capital) 1. Black slang a White man or White men collectively, esp when in authority, in the police, or held in contempt2. (Recreational Drugs) slang a drug peddler

Man

(mæn) n (Placename) Isle of Man an island in the British Isles, in the Irish Sea between Cumbria and Northern Ireland: a UK Crown Dependency (but not part of the United Kingdom), with its own ancient parliament, the Court of Tynwald; a dependency of Norway until 1266, when for a time it came under Scottish rule; its own language, Manx, became extinct in the 19th century but has been revived to some extent. Capital: Douglas. Pop: 86 159 (2013 est). Area: 588 sq km (227 sq miles)

man

(mæn)

n., pl. men, n. 1. an adult male person, as distinguished from a boy or a woman. 2. a member of the species Homo sapiens or all the members of this species collectively, without regard to sex. 3. the human individual as representing the species, without reference to sex; the human race; humankind: Man hopes for peace. 4. a human being; person: every man for himself. 5. a husband. 6. a male lover or sweetheart. 7. a male having qualities considered appropriately masculine: made a man of him. 8. a male servant or attendant. 9. a feudal tenant; vassal. 10. Slang. a male friend; ally: my main man. 11. Slang. (used as a term of familiar address): Man, take it easy. 12. a playing piece used in certain games, as chess or checkers. 13. Obs. manly character. 14. the man or Man, Slang. a. an authoritative or controlling person or group. b. (among blacks) white persons collectively; white society. c. a person who is greatly admired: He's the man. interj. 15. (used to express astonishment or delight): Man, what a car! v.t. 16. to supply with people, as for service: to man the ship. 17. to take one's place at: to man the ramparts; to man the phones. 18. to strengthen; fortify: to man yourself for danger. Idioms: 1. one's own man, free from restrictions or influences; independent. 2. man and boy, ever since childhood: He's been working, man and boy, for 50 years. 3. to a man, including everyone. [before 900; Middle English; Old English man(n), c. Old Frisian, Old Saxon mann, Old High German man(n), Old Norse mathr, Gothic manna] usage: The use of generic man (“human being”), alone and in compounds such as mankind, is declining. Critics of generic man maintain that its use is sometimes ambiguous and often slighting of women. Although some editors and writers dismiss these objections, many now choose instead such terms as human(s), human being(s), human race, humankind, people, or, when necessary, men and women or women and men. See also -man, -person, -woman.

Man

(mæn)

n. Isle of, an island of the British Isles, in the Irish Sea. 73,837; 227 sq. mi. (588 sq. km). Cap.: Douglas.

-man

a combining form of man: layman; postman. usage: The use of -man as the last element in compounds referring to a person of either sex who performs some function (anchorman; chairman; spokesman) has declined in recent years. In some instances the sex-neutral -person is substituted for -man (anchorperson; spokesperson), and sometimes a form with no suffix at all is used (anchor; chair). Terms ending in -man that designate specific occupations (foreman; mailman; policeman, etc.) have been dropped by the U.S. government in favor of neutral terms, and many industries and business firms have done likewise. The compounds freshman, underclassman, and upperclassman are still generally used in schools, freshman in Congress also, and they are applied to both sexes. The term first-year student is increasingly common as an alternative to freshman. As a modifier, freshman is used with both singular and plural nouns: a freshman athlete; freshman legislators. See also man, -person, -woman.

Man.

1. Manila. 2. Manitoba.

man.

manual.

man

1. 'man'

A man is an adult male human being. The plural of man is men.

Larry was a handsome man of about 50.Two men got on the bus.

Man is sometimes used to refer to human beings in general. For example, instead of saying 'Human beings are destroying the environment', you can say 'Man is destroying the environment'. When man has this meaning, don't use 'the' in front of it.

Man is always searching for new knowledge.Massage is one of the oldest forms of treatment known to man.

Men is sometimes used to refer to all human beings, considered as individuals.

All men are born equal.Darwin concluded that men were descended from apes.2. 'mankind'

Mankind is used to refer to all human beings, considered as a group.

His only desire is to help mankind.

Some people do not like the use of man, men, and mankind to refer to human beings of both sexes, because they think it suggests that men are more important than women. You can use people instead.

All people are born equal.

man

Past participle: manned
Gerund: manning

Imperative
man
man

Present
I man
you man
he/she/it mans
we man
you man
they man

Preterite
I manned
you manned
he/she/it manned
we manned
you manned
they manned

Present Continuous
I am manning
you are manning
he/she/it is manning
we are manning
you are manning
they are manning

Present Perfect
I have manned
you have manned
he/she/it has manned
we have manned
you have manned
they have manned

Past Continuous
I was manning
you were manning
he/she/it was manning
we were manning
you were manning
they were manning

Past Perfect
I had manned
you had manned
he/she/it had manned
we had manned
you had manned
they had manned

Future
I will man
you will man
he/she/it will man
we will man
you will man
they will man

Future Perfect
I will have manned
you will have manned
he/she/it will have manned
we will have manned
you will have manned
they will have manned

Future Continuous
I will be manning
you will be manning
he/she/it will be manning
we will be manning
you will be manning
they will be manning

Present Perfect Continuous
I have been manning
you have been manning
he/she/it has been manning
we have been manning
you have been manning
they have been manning

Future Perfect Continuous
I will have been manning
you will have been manning
he/she/it will have been manning
we will have been manning
you will have been manning
they will have been manning

Past Perfect Continuous
I had been manning
you had been manning
he/she/it had been manning
we had been manning
you had been manning
they had been manning

Conditional
I would man
you would man
he/she/it would man
we would man
you would man
they would man

Past Conditional
I would have manned
you would have manned
he/she/it would have manned
we would have manned
you would have manned
they would have manned

Thesaurus

Noun	1.	man - an adult person who is male (as opposed to a woman); "there were two women and six men on the bus"adult maleadult male body, man's body - the body of an adult manadult, grownup - a fully developed person from maturity onwardmale person, male - a person who belongs to the sex that cannot have babiesBlack man - a man who is Blackwhite man - a man who is Whiteyellow man - offensive term for an Asian manbaboo, babu - used as a Hindi courtesy title; equivalent to English `Mr'bachelor, unmarried man - a man who has never been marriedbey - (formerly) a title of respect for a man in Turkey or Egypt; "he introduced me to Ahmet Bey"boy - a friendly informal reference to a grown man; "he likes to play golf with the boys"beau, boyfriend, swain, young man, fellow - a man who is the lover of a girl or young woman; "if I'd known he was her boyfriend I wouldn't have asked"ex-boyfriend - a man who is no longer a woman's boyfriendbruiser, strapper, bull, Samson - a large and strong and heavyset man; "he was a bull of a man"; "a thick-skinned bruiser ready to give as good as he got"dandy, fashion plate, fop, gallant, sheik, dude, beau, clotheshorse, swell - a man who is much concerned with his dress and appearanceejaculator - a man who ejaculates semenEsq, Esquire - a title of respect for a member of the English gentry ranking just below a knight; placed after the namecastrate, eunuch - a man who has been castrated and is incapable of reproduction; "eunuchs guarded the harem"father figure, father surrogate - a man who takes over all the functions of the real fatherfather-figure - a man (often a powerful or influential man) who arouses emotions usually felt for your real father and with whom you identify psychologicallybuster, dude, fellow - an informal form of address for a man; "Say, fellow, what are you doing?"; "Hey buster, what's up?"galoot - a disreputable or clumsy mangeezer - a man who is (usually) old and/or eccentricgentleman - a man of refinementdivorced man, grass widower - a man who is divorced from (or separated from) his wifeguy, hombre, bozo, cat - an informal term for a youth or man; "a nice guy"; "the guy's only doing it for some doll"Herr - a German man; used before the name as a title equivalent to Mr in EnglishHooray Henry - a lively and ineffectual upper-class young manhousefather - a man in charge of children in an institutionhunk - a well-built sexually attractive manex, ex-husband - a man who was formerly a certain woman's husbandinamorato - a man with whom you are in love or have an intimate relationshipiron man, ironman - a strong man of exceptional physical enduranceironside - a man of great strength or braveryadonis - any handsome young manmiddle-aged man - a man who is roughly between 45 and 65 years oldMonsieur - used as a French courtesy title; equivalent to English `Mr'old boy, old man - a familiar term of address for a mangraybeard, greybeard, old man, Methuselah - a man who is very oldpaterfamilias, patriarch - the male head of family or tribePeter Pan - a boyish or immature man; after the boy in Barrie's play who never grows upponce - a man who is effeminate in his manner and fussy in the way he dressesposseman - an able-bodied man serving as a member of a posseSenhor - a Portuguese title of respect; equivalent to English `Mr'shaver - an adult male who shavessignior, signor - used as an Italian courtesy title; can be prefixed to the name or used separatelysignore - an Italian title of respect for a man; equivalent to the English `sir'; used separately (not prefixed to his name)sir - term of address for a manstiff - an ordinary man; "a lucky stiff"; "a working stiff"he-man, macho-man, stud - a man who is virile and sexually activeTarzan - (sometimes used ironically) a man of great strength and agility (after the hero of a series of novels by Edgar Rice Burroughs)widower, widowman - a man whose wife is dead especially one who has not remarriedphilanderer, womaniser, womanizer - a man who likes many women and has short sexual relationships with themadult female, woman - an adult female person (as opposed to a man); "the woman kept house while the man hunted"
	2.	man - someone who serves in the armed forces; a member of a military force; "two men stood sentry duty"military man, serviceman, military personnelmilitary force, military group, military unit, force - a unit that is part of some military service; "he sent Caesar a force of six thousand men"armed forces, armed services, military, military machine, war machine - the military forces of a nation; "their military is the largest in the region"; "the military machine is the same one we faced in 1991 but now it is weaker"air force officer, commander - an officer in the airforceartilleryman, cannoneer, gunner, machine gunner - a serviceman in the artillerybluejacket, navy man, sailor boy, sailor - a serviceman in the navycommando, ranger - a member of a military unit trained as shock troops for hit-and-run raidsconscript, draftee, inductee - someone who is drafted into military serviceenlisted person - a serviceman who ranks below a commissioned officerdevil dog, leatherneck, Marine, shipboard soldier - a member of the United States Marine Corpsmilitary officer, officer - any person in the armed services who holds a position of authority or command; "an officer is responsible for the lives of his men"noncombatant - a member of the armed forces who does not participate in combat (e.g. a chaplain or surgeon)occupier - a member of a military force who is residing in a conquered foreign countryskilled worker, skilled workman, trained worker - a worker who has acquired special skillsstriper - a serviceman who wears stripes on the uniform to indicate rank or years of service; "he's a four-striper"ex-serviceman, vet, veteran - a person who has served in the armed forcesveteran, veteran soldier - a serviceman who has seen considerable active service; "the veterans laughed at the new recruits"military volunteer, voluntary, volunteer - (military) a person who freely enlists for service
	3.	man - the generic use of the word to refer to any human being; "it was every man for himself"individual, mortal, person, somebody, someone, soul - a human being; "there was too much for one person to do"
	4.	man - any living or extinct member of the family Hominidae characterized by superior intelligence, articulate speech, and erect carriagehuman, human being, homolumbus, loin - either side of the backbone between the hipbone and the ribs in humans as well as quadrupedshominid - a primate of the family Hominidaegenus Homo - type genus of the family Hominidaehuman beings, human race, humankind, humans, mankind, humanity, world, man - all of the living human inhabitants of the earth; "all the world loves a lover"; "she always used `humankind' because `mankind' seemed to slight the women"Homo erectus - extinct species of primitive hominid with upright stature but small brain; "Homo erectus was formerly called Pithecanthropus erectus"Homo soloensis - extinct primitive hominid of late Pleistocene; Java; formerly JavanthropusHomo habilis - extinct species of upright East African hominid having some advanced humanlike characteristicsHomo sapiens - the only surviving hominid; species to which modern man belongs; bipedal primate having language and ability to make and use complex tools; brain volume at least 1400 ccHomo sapiens neanderthalensis, Neandertal, Neandertal man, Neanderthal, Neanderthal man - extinct robust human of Middle Paleolithic in Europe and western Asiabody, organic structure, physical structure - the entire structure of an organism (an animal, plant, or human being); "he felt as if his whole body were on fire"chassis, bod, human body, material body, physical body, physique, build, anatomy, figure, flesh, frame, shape, soma, form - alternative names for the body of a human being; "Leonardo studied the human body"; "he has a strong physique"; "the spirit is willing but the flesh is weak"body hair - short hair growing over a person's bodyhead of hair, mane - growth of hair covering the scalp of a human beinghuman head - the head of a human beingside - either the left or right half of a body; "he had a pain in his side"foot, human foot, pes - the part of the leg of a human being below the ankle joint; "his bare feet projected from his trousers"; "armored from head to foot"arm - a human limb; technically the part of the superior limb between the shoulder and the elbow but commonly used to refer to the whole superior limbhand, manus, mitt, paw - the (prehensile) extremity of the superior limb; "he had the hands of a surgeon"; "he extended his mitt"face, human face - the front of the human head from the forehead to the chin and ear to ear; "he washed his face"; "I wish I had seen the look on his face when he got the news"nutrition - the scientific study of food and drink (especially in humans)Homo rhodesiensis, Rhodesian man - a primitive hominid resembling Neanderthal man but living in Africaschistosome dermatitis, swimmer's itch - a sensitization reaction to repeated invasion of the skin by cercariae of schistosomeshyperdactyly, polydactyly - birth defect characterized by the presence of more than the normal number of fingers or toessyndactylism, syndactyly - birth defect in which there is partial or total webbing connecting two or more fingers or toes
	5.	man - a male subordinate; "the chief stationed two men outside the building"; "he awaited word from his man in Havana"subordinate, subsidiary, underling, foot soldier - an assistant subject to the authority or control of another
	6.	man - an adult male person who has a manly character (virile and courageous competent); "the army will make a man of you"male person, male - a person who belongs to the sex that cannot have babies
	7.	man - a manservant who acts as a personal attendant to his employer; "Jeeves was Bertie Wooster's man"gentleman's gentleman, valet, valet de chambre, gentlemanbody servant - a valet or personal maidmanservant - a man servant
	8.	man - a male person who plays a significant role (husband or lover or boyfriend) in the life of a particular woman; "she takes good care of her man"colloquialism - a colloquial expression; characteristic of spoken or written communication that seeks to imitate informal speechlover - a significant other to whom you are not related by marriagemale person, male - a person who belongs to the sex that cannot have babieswoman - a female person who plays a significant role (wife or mistress or girlfriend) in the life of a particular man; "he was faithful to his woman"
	9.	Man - one of the British Isles in the Irish SeaIsle of ManBritish Isles - Great Britain and Ireland and adjacent islands in the north Atlantic
	10.	man - game equipment consisting of an object used in playing certain board games; "he taught me to set up the men on the chess board"; "he sacrificed a piece to get a strategic advantage"pieceblack - (board games) the darker pieceschequer, checker - one of the flat round pieces used in playing the game of checkerschess piece, chessman - any of 16 white and 16 black pieces used in playing the game of chessgame equipment - equipment or apparatus used in playing a gametile - game equipment consisting of a flat thin piece marked with characters and used in board games like Mah-Jong, Scrabble, etc.white - (board games) the lighter pieces
	11.	man - all of the living human inhabitants of the earth; "all the world loves a lover"; "she always used `humankind' because `mankind' seemed to slight the women"humankind, humans, mankind, human beings, human race, humanity, worldgroup, grouping - any number of entities (members) considered as a unithuman, human being, homo, man - any living or extinct member of the family Hominidae characterized by superior intelligence, articulate speech, and erect carriagepeople - (plural) any group of human beings (men or women or children) collectively; "old people"; "there were at least 200 people in the audience"
Verb	1.	man - take charge of a certain job; occupy a certain work place; "Mr. Smith manned the reception desk in the morning"man - provide with workers; "We cannot man all the desks"; "Students were manning the booths"do work, work - be employed; "Is your husband working again?"; "My wife never worked"; "Do you want to work after the age of 60?"; "She never did any work because she inherited a lot of money"; "She works as a waitress to put herself through college"
	2.	man - provide with workers; "We cannot man all the desks"; "Students were manning the booths"staff - provide with staff; "This position is not always staffed"crew - serve as a crew member onman - take charge of a certain job; occupy a certain work place; "Mr. Smith manned the reception desk in the morning"

man

noun1. male, guy (informal), fellow (informal), gentleman, bloke (Brit. informal), chap (Brit. informal), dude (U.S. informal), geezer (informal), adult male I had not expected the young man to reappear before evening.2. human, human being, body, person, individual, adult, being, somebody, soul, personage a possible step to sending a man back to the moon3. mankind, humanity, people, mortals, human race, humankind, Homo sapiens Anxiety is modern man's natural state.4. partner, boy, husband, lover, mate, boyfriend, squeeze (informal), old man, groom, spouse, sweetheart, beau, significant other (U.S.), bidie-in (Scot.) Does your man cuddle you enough?5. (usually plural) worker, labourer, workman, hand, employee, subordinate, blue-collar worker, hireling The men voted to accept the pay offer.verb1. staff, people, fill, crew, occupy, garrison, furnish with men Soldiers manned roadblocks in the city.man to man frankly, openly, directly, honestly, face to face, candidly, woman to woman, forthrightly Confront it face to face. Man to man.to a man without exception, as one, every one, unanimously, each and every one, one and all, bar none Economists, almost to a man, were sceptical.Related words
adjectives anthropic, anthropoid, anthropoidal
like andromania
fear androphobia, anthropophobiaQuotations
"Man is only a reed, the weakest thing in nature; but he is a thinking reed" [Blaise Pascal Pensées]
"Man is the measure of all things" [Protagoras]
"Man is heaven's masterpiece" [Francis Quarles Emblems]
"There are many wonderful things, and nothing is more wonderful than man" [Sophocles Antigone]
"Man is a noble animal, splendid in ashes, and pompous in the grave" [Thomas Browne Hydriotaphia]
"Man is an embodied paradox, a bundle of contradictions" [Charles Colton Lacon]
"Man has but three events in his life: to be born, to live, and to die. He is not conscious of his birth, he suffers at his death and he forgets to live" [Jean de la Bruyère The Characters, or the Manners of the Age]
"The four stages of man are infancy, childhood, adolescence and obsolescence" [Art Linkletter A Child's Garden of Misinformation]
"Man is a useless passion" [Jean-Paul Sartre L'Être et le néant]
"Glory to Man in the highest! for Man is the master of things" [Algernon Charles Swinburne Atalanta in Calydon: Hymn of Man]
"I sometimes think that God in creating man somewhat overestimated his ability" [Oscar Wilde]
"What a piece of work is man! how noble in reason! how infinite in faculty! in form, in moving, how express and admirable! in action how like an angel! in apprehension how like a god! the beauty of the world! the paragon of animals!" [William Shakespeare Hamlet]
"Man is nature's sole mistake" [W.S. Gilbert Princess Ida]
"Man is something to be surpassed" [Friedrich Nietzche Thus Spake Zarathustra]
"Man was formed for society" [William Blackstone Commentaries on the Laws of England]
"man: an animal so lost in rapturous contemplation of what he thinks he is as to overlook what he indubitably ought to be" [Ambrose Bierce The Devil's Dictionary]
"Men are but children of a larger growth" [John Dryden All for Love]
"Man, became man through work, who stepped out of the animal kingdom as transformer of the natural into the artificial, who became therefore the magician" [Ernst Fischer The Necessity of Art]Proverbs
"The best of men are but men at best"

man

noun1. A member of the human race:being, body, creature, homo, human, human being, individual, life, mortal, party, person, personage, soul.2. The human race:earth, flesh, Homo sapiens, humanity, humankind, mankind, universe, world.3. Slang. A member of a law-enforcement agency.Often uppercase:bluecoat, finest, officer, patrolman, patrolwoman, peace officer, police, policeman, police officer, policewoman.Informal: cop, law.Slang: bull, copper, flatfoot, fuzz, gendarme, heat.Chiefly British: bobby, constable, peeler.

Translations

男人男子男子汉给...配备人员老兄

man

(mӕn) – plural men (men) – noun1. an adult male human being. Hundreds of men, women and children; a four-man team.男子2. human beings taken as a whole; the human race. the development of man.人类3. obviously masculine male person. He's independent, tough, strong, brave – a real man!男子汉4. a word sometimes used in speaking informally or giving commands to someone. Get on with your work, man, and stop complaining! （呼唤）喂，老兄 5. an ordinary soldier, who is not an officer. officers and men.士兵6. a piece used in playing chess or draughts. I took three of his men in one move.棋子 verb – past tense, past participle manned – to supply with men (especially soldiers). The colonel manned the guns with soldiers from our regiment.给...配备人员-man (-mən) , (-mӕn) a person (formerly usually used for either sex; currently, often replaced by -person when the person referred to can be of either sex) who performs a particular activity, as in postman, *milkman, *chairman etc. …人的（后缀） ˈmanhood noun1. (of a male) the state of being adult, physically (and mentally) mature etc. He died before he reached manhood.成年2. manly qualities. He took her refusal to marry him as an insult to his manhood.男子气概manˈkind noun the human race as a whole. He worked for the benefit of all mankind.人类ˈmanly adjective having the qualities thought desirable in a man, ie strength, determination, courage etc. He is strong and manly.男子气概的ˈmanliness noun男子气概manned adjective supplied with men. a manned spacecraft.有人操纵的ˈman-eating adjective which will eat people. a man-eating tiger.食人的ˈman-eater noun食人者manˈhandle verb1. to move, carry etc by hand. When the crane broke down, they had to manhandle the crates on to the boat.人力推动2. to treat roughly. You'll break all the china if you manhandle it like that!粗暴地对待ˈmanhole noun a hole (usually in the middle of a road or pavement) through which someone may go to inspect sewers etc. 人孔，检查口 ˌman-ˈmade adjective made, happening or formed by man, not by natural means. a man-made lake.人造的ˈmanpower noun the number of people available for employment etc. There's a shortage of manpower in the building industry.人力ˈmanservant – plural ˈmenservants – noun a male servant (especially one employed as a valet). He has only one manservant.男仆ˈmansize(d) adjective of a size suitable for a man; large. a mansized breakfast.宜于男人的ˈmanslaughter noun the crime of killing someone, without intending to do so. He was found guilty of manslaughter.过失杀人ˈmenfolk noun plural male people, especially male relatives. The wives accompanied their menfolk.男人们ˈmenswear (ˈmenz-) noun clothing for men. Do you sell menswear?男服as one man simultaneously; together. They rose as one man to applaud his speech.一齐the man in the street the ordinary, typical, average man. The man in the street often has little interest in politics.普通人man of letters a writer and/or scholar. Shakespeare was perhaps Britain's greatest man of letters.作家man of the world a sophisticated man who is not likely to be shocked or surprised by most things. You can speak freely – we're all men of the world.饱经世故者man to man as one man to another; openly or frankly: They talked man to man about their problems; adjective (etc)a man-to-man discussion. 坦诚的to a man every one, without exception. They voted to a man to accept the proposal. 全部一致，毫无例外

man

→ 男人zhCN

Man

Man,

town (1996 est. pop. 112,600), W central Côte d'Ivoire, at the foot of the Toura Mts. It is an administrative and commercial center for a region producing coffee, cacao, kola nuts, rice, and cassava. Iron ore, bauxite, copper, and gold are mined nearby.

man:

see anthropologyanthropology,
classification and analysis of humans and their society, descriptively, culturally, historically, and physically. Its unique contribution to studying the bonds of human social relations has been the distinctive concept of culture.
..... Click the link for more information. ; human evolutionhuman evolution,
theory of the origins of the human species, Homo sapiens. Modern understanding of human origins is derived largely from the findings of paleontology, anthropology, and genetics, and involves the process of natural selection (see Darwinism).
..... Click the link for more information. ; racerace,
one of the group of populations regarded as constituting humanity. The differences that have historically determined the classification into races are predominantly physical aspects of appearance that are generally hereditary.
..... Click the link for more information. .

Man

a city in the Ivory Coast; administrative center of the department of Man. Population, 30,000 (1965). It is the commercial and transportation center of an agricultural region (mainly coffee and timber). There are sawmills near Man.

Man

the most advanced form of life on earth and the subject of social and historical activity and culture. Various branches of knowledge, including sociology, psychology, physiology, pedagogy, and medicine, are devoted to the study of man. By reworking the various types of data furnished by these sciences, philosophy interprets and gives meaning to their findings.

The question of man’s nature (essence), his origin and purpose, and his place in the world has been one of the fundamental problems in the history of philosophical thought. In ancient Chinese, Indian, and Greek philosophy man was perceived as being a part of the cosmos, of a unified supratemporal “order” and “system” of existence (“nature”). He was viewed as a “microcosm” (Democritus), as a reflection and symbol of the universe, the macrocosm, which was in turn interpreted anthropomorphically as a living being possessing a soul. Man was thought to contain all of the principal elements of the cosmos and to consist of a body and soul (spirit), which were interpreted either as two aspects of a single reality (Aristotelianism) or as two different substances (Platonism). In the doctrine of the transmigration of souls, which was developed in Indian philosophy, the boundary between living beings (plants, animals, men, gods) is not fixed; only man, however, strives for “release” from the fetters of empirical existence and its law of karma-samsara. According to the Vedanta, man’s specific principle is atman (soul, spirit, “self), which is essentially identical with the universal spiritual principle, or brahman. Aristotle’s philosophy expressed the view, characteristic of classical philosophy, that man was a living being endowed with spirit and reason (a “rational soul” as opposed to a sensitive or vegetative soul) and with the capacity for social life.

In Christianity, the biblical concept of man as the “image and likeness of god,” divided against himself after his fall from grace, is combined with the doctrine of the union of the divine and the human in the person of Christ, enabling every man to commune with the divine. (The term “superman”—Latin superhumanus— crystallized in Christian tradition.) Medieval philosophy advanced the concept of personality as distinct from psychophysical individuality and not reducible to some universal “nature” or substance (whether corporeal or spiritual), defining personality as a unique relationship (Richard of St. Victor, 12th century).

The Renaissance was pervaded by a fervent belief in man’s autonomy and his boundless creative capacities (Pico della Mirandola). The specific nature of man’s sphere of existence was acutely felt by such Renaissance thinkers as Nicholas of Cusa (On Conjecture, II, 14). Descartes’s idea of thought as the only reliable testimony of human existence (“I think, therefore I am”) formed the basis of a new European rationalism that perceived man’s uniqueness and essence in his ability to think and reason. The Cartesian dualism of body and soul long determined the kinds of questions raised in anthropology. The body was considered an automaton, a machine common to man and animals (J. de La Mettrie, L’Homme machine), and the soul was identified with consciousness. Benjamin Franklin defined man as “a tool-making animal.”

Kant regarded What is man? as the fundamental question of philosophy. Proceeding from the dualistic concept of man as a being who belongs to two different worlds, that of natural necessity and that of moral freedom, Kant divided anthropology into physiological and pragmatic spheres: the former investigates “how nature affects man,” and the latter studies “what man, as a being possessed of free will, makes or can and must make of himself (Soch., vol. 6, Moscow, 1966, p. 351).

Rejecting both Cartesian rationalism and the sensationalist empiricism of the 17th and 18th centuries, German philosophy of the late 18th and early 19th centuries revived the Renaissance conception of man as a living totality (J. G. Herder, J. W. von Goethe, romantic nature philosophy). Herder described man as the first being emancipated by nature. Man’s sense organs and physical structure, in contrast to those of animals, are not specialized and are more indefinite, which is the source of man’s particular advantage: he must mold himself, creating culture in the process. Herder, the Romanticists, and Hegel developed the idea of the historical nature of human existence; Novalis called history applied anthropology. In German classical philosophy man was perceived as the subject of spiritual activity, creating the world of culture, and as the bearer of a universally significant consciousness and a universal ideal principle, namely spirit and reason. Criticizing these ideas of German idealism, L. Feuerbach effected an anthropological reorientation of philosophy. At the center he placed man, defined as a sensible-corporeal being, as the meeting of the concrete “I” and “thou.” In Russia the anthropological principle was developed by N. G. Chernyshevskii.

Such noncognitive capacities and powers as feeling and will became paramount in the irrationalist conceptions of man that emerged in the 19th and 20th centuries. According to F. Nietzsche, it is the interplay of vital forces and passions that determines man, and not consciousness and reason. S. Kierkegaard gave primacy to the act of free will by which man “gives birth to himself,” to the choice by which the individual—that is, a spontaneous natural being—becomes a personality, a spiritual, self-determining entity. The question of personality is central to the conception of man in personalism and existentialism, which hold that man cannot be reduced to some sort of “essence,” whether biological, psychological, social, or spiritual. Rejecting the social nature of personality, existentialism and personalism differentiate between and oppose the concepts of individuality and personality, viewing the former as part of a natural and social totality and the latter as a unique spiritual self-determination (Existenz). Dilthey’s “philosophy of life” and Husserl’s phenomenology paved the way for the emergence of philosophical anthropology as a distinct trend in 20th-century German philosophy, expounded principally by M. Scheler, H. Plessner, A. Gehlen, and E. Rothacker (Kulturanthropologie). The naturalist approach to man is characteristic both of exponents of traditional Freudian-ism and of many 20th-century naturalists in the West.

IU. N. POPOV

Rejecting the idealist and naturalist conceptions of man, Marxism undertook to explain man’s natural and social aspects on the basis of dialectical-materialist monism. Marxism begins by treating man as a derivative of society, as the product and subject of social labor. Marx wrote that “the essence of man is no abstraction inherent in each separate individual. In its reality it is the ensemble of the social relations” (K. Marx and F. Engels, Soch., 2nd ed., vol. 3, p. 3).

The Marxist analysis of the question of man is predicated on the discovery of the social essence and concrete historical determination of his consciousness and activity, on knowledge of the historical forms of man’s existence and way of life. It also presupposes a disclosure of the relationship between man’s social and biological aspects.

Man’s social history was preceded by his natural prehistory: the worklike activity of the anthropoid apes, the development of gregarious relations among the higher animals, and the development of acoustic and motor means of communication. According to Marxism, the determining factor in man’s development from these precursors was labor, whose origin marked the transition from anthropoid apes to man (F. Engels, ibid., vol. 20, pp. 489–90). Animals cannot fundamentally alter their living conditions; they adapt to their environment, which determines their way of life. Man, on the other hand, does not simply adapt to prevailing conditions. By uniting in joint labor man transforms these conditions to suit his constantly growing needs, thereby creating a world of material and spiritual culture. Culture is created by man to the same extent that man himself is shaped by culture.

Man is a living system uniting the physical and spiritual, the natural and social, and hereditary and acquired traits. As a living organism, man is part of the natural chain of phenomena and is subject to biological (biophysical, biochemical, physiological) laws; at the level of conscious mind and personality, he is oriented toward society, with its specific laws. In terms of physical and morphological structure, man is the most highly organized matter in the known universe. He embodies everything that mankind has accumulated over the ages. This embodiment is achieved through exposure to cultural tradition and through biological heredity. A child inherits a store of genetic information by virtue of the specifically human structure of his body, brain, nervous system, and instincts. “Man is directly a natural being. As a natural being he is on the one hand endowed with natural powers, vital powers—inasmuch as he is an active natural being. These forces exist in him as tendencies and abilities—as instincts” (K. Marx, in K. Marxarid F. Engels, Iz rannikh proizvedenii, 1956, p. 631).

However, natural (anatomical and physiological) instincts develop and are realized only under the conditions of social life, through a child’s interaction with adults. Marxism repudiates metaphysical concepts about the existence of inborn ideas and capabilities in man. The way in which the biological principles of human life manifest themselves is socially conditioned. Man’s life is determined by a single system of conditions that includes both biological and social elements. The biological components of this unified system are simply the necessary conditions, not the driving force of development. Man’s actions and his way of thinking and feeling depend on the objective historical conditions under which he lives and on the characteristics of the social group and class whose interests he represents, either consciously or unconsciously. His spiritual life and the principles by which he lives are not genetically programmed. This is definitely not the case, however, with respect to certain potential artistic aptitudes and individual gifts, which are shaped by society but are based on inherited traits. The development of man’s propensities and capabilities is also affected to a certain degree by heredity, primarily through characteristics of the central nervous system.

A world of objects and social structures embodying the activity of preceding generations lies before every newborn human being. It is this humanized world, in which every object and process appears to be charged with a human significance, social function, and purpose, that surrounds man. Human cultural achievements, however, are not presented to man in a finished form but are rather implied in the objective circumstances in which they are embodied. The assimilation of social, historically shaped forms of activity is the fundamental condition and pivotal mechanism in the making of an individual. In order to transform these forms of activity into their personal abilities and make them part of their individual character, human beings from early childhood interact with adults, imitating and being taught by them. As a result, the developing individual acquires the ability to deal rationally with tools, various types of symbols, words, concepts, ideas, and the totality of social norms. As he assimilates the humanized natural world, the child becomes familiar with culture by various means. “Each of his human relations to the world—seeing, hearing, smelling, tasting, feeling, thinking, observing, experiencing, wanting, acting, loving—in short, all of the organs of his individual being” take part in this familiarization (ibid. p. 591).

During acculturation man develops mechanisms of self-control that are manifested as the ability to control by an effort of will a wide range of inclinations and instincts. This self-control, essentially social control, smothers impulses that are unacceptable to a given social group and constitutes a prerequisite for social life. The more intensively mankind develops, the more complex are the problems of education and upbringing, of the shaping of man as a personality.

Historically formed legal and moral norms, customs, rules of thought and grammar, and aesthetic tastes shape man’s behavior and intellect, making individual people representatives of a particular way of life, culture, and psychology. Man “will develop his true nature only in society, and the power of his nature must be measured not by the power of the separate individual but by the power of society” (K. Marx and F. Engels, ibid., vol. 2, p. 146). Marx criticized the concept of man as an isolated monad and emphasized that man remains in full contact with society even when he is alone. Man’s awareness of himself always comes through his interaction with other people. Every man is a unique individual but at the same time he possesses a certain essence of the species. A man emerges as a personality when he attains self-awareness, an understanding of his social functions, and a consciousness of himself as the subject of a historical process. The formation of personality is bound up with social differentiation, with the separation of the individual from the collective through the expansion of personal rights and obligations.

The Marxist concept of man rests on the assumption that man can only be free in a free society, where he is not only the means by which social goals are achieved but is above all an end in himself. Marxism holds that the ideal society is a communist society, for only in such a society can man obtain the means that will enable him to realize fully his individuality.

REFERENCES

Problema cheloveka v sovremennoi filosofii (collection of articles). Moscow, 1969.
Smirnov, G. L. Sovetskii chelovek. Moscow, 1971.
Grigor’ian, B. T. Filosofiia o sushchnosti cheloveka. Moscow, 1973.
Sootnoshenie biologicheskogo i sotsial’nogo v cheloveke. Moscow, 1975.
Dubinin, N. P., and Iu. G. Shevchenko. Nekotorye voprosy biosotsial’noi prirody cheloveka. Moscow, 1976.A. G. SPIRKINOrigin of man. Man’s appearance on earth was the culmination of a complex and prolonged evolutionary development, and as a biological being, he retains close ties with the animal world. These ties are closest to the Primates, an order in which man makes up the hominid family. It is widely thought that the human evolutionary branch separated from the common anthropoid stem during the intense adaptive radiation of apes in the Miocene, most likely 12–15 million years ago. The most probable ancestor of man during this stage was Ramapithecus (or Kenyapithecus), a highly developed primate known from jaw fragments found in Asia (India, Pakistan), East Africa (Kenya), and Europe (Hungary).
The question of when the first hominids appeared is bound up with the hominization criterion itself, concerning which there are diverse opinions. If hominization is to mean a certain degree of assimilation by man’s ancestors of a fundamentally new adaptive zone associated with the development of work activity and culture and with the appearance of a new mode of behavior, then from the morphological point of view the criterion must include the following: erect posture, initial adaptation of the wrist for performing work, and a fairly high level of development of the brain. Accordingly, the oldest authentic representative of the hominids was until recently considered to have been Homo habilis (“skillful man”), identified by the British scientists L. Leakey, P. Tobias, and J. Napier in 1964 on the basis of finds in the Olduvai Gorge. The advanced morphological features of H. habilis (erect posture and a high level of development of the brain, in which he surpasses all contemporary and fossil anthropoid apes) were linked to the earliest and most primitive stone implements known to science. This hominid, who lived approximately 2 million years ago, was probably the creator of the oldest Stone Age culture, the Olduvai culture.
Later discoveries, however, attested to the even greater antiquity of hominids, particularly the genus Homo. In the course of excavations in Kenya in 1972, R. Leakey found “skull 1470” and the accompanying skeletal remains of limbs in the area east of Lake Turkana, formerly Lake Rudolf. The absolute age of the find is more than 2 million years. The skull displays a number of advanced features, even when compared with later hominids, including a relatively high and rounded vault, slight projection of the frontal and occipital bones, and moderate postorbital constriction. The cranial capacity (770–775 cu cm) exceeds that of H. habilis (averaging 625 cu cm) and attains a size characteristic of some specimens of Archanthropinae. The shape of the femur is fully human. Working in Tanzania in 1975, M. Leakey found fragments of fossil hominids and stone implements in a stratum 3.5 million years old. Fossil hominids dating from approximately 3 million years ago had been discovered in Hadar (Ethiopia) in 1973–74. The chronological predecessors of modern man also include the Archanthropinae, who appeared some 1.9 million years ago (or perhaps earlier), and Palaeoanthropus, who lived from 300,000 to 35,000 years ago. The present species of man (H. sapiens)appeared no later than 40,000 years ago and possibly earlier. It would appear that Australia and the Americas were settled as early as the Upper Paleolithic. The predominant type of early H. sapiens was Cro-Magnon man, whose remains have been found both in Europe and elsewhere and who survived beyond the Paleolithic. Cro-Magnon man had a straight forehead, superciliary arches (instead of a supraorbital torus), a clearly formed chin protuberance, and a high cranial vault.
The general evolution of the hominids is quite complex and cannot be said to be fully understood. It is likely that during anthropogenesis branchings within polymorphic groups coincided with the direct development of individual branches and their “transformation by stages” (seePALAEOANTHROPUS and NEOAN-THROPINAE). But these stages were widely coexistent, and their representatives may at times have shared the same culture.E. N. KHRISANFOVAMan’s biological features. Man is classified as a member of the species Homo sapiens (thinking man), genus Homo, family Hominidae, order Primates, class Mammalia, and phylum Chordata. The human organism has many characteristics in common with vertebrates, and especially with mammals. As in all vertebrates, the basis of man’s internal skeleton is the spinal column, which is preceded during embryonic development by the notochord. Man has two pairs of extremities, a closed cardiovascular system, and a tubular nervous system. His body is structured on the principle of bilateral symmetry and exhibits metamerism, which is typical of all vertebrates.
As a mammal, man has a characteristic skin structure (a highly developed corium, or dermis, numerous sebaceous and sweat glands, and a covering of hair, albeit rudimentary over most of the body), a stable body temperature, pulmonary respiration, a four-chambered heart, erythrocytes without nuclei, and mammary glands producing milk for the nourishment of the young. Development of the embryo within the mother’s body is accompanied in man, as in the other higher mammals, by the appearance of a special organ, the placenta.
Mammals have a well-developed nervous system and sensory organs, which helped them to survive and progress. Man advanced beyond the other mammals by virtue of the strong development and differentiation of his cerebral cortex.
Man’s most characteristic anatomical and physiological features are his erect posture and gait, free upper extremities (for making and using tools), and highly developed means for social interaction. Also distinctive are certain features of the structure of the teeth, jaws, digestive glands, and alimentary organs. The need to maintain balance while walking erect has resulted in a curvature of the spinal column and a shift in the center of gravity.
The freeing of the upper extremities from their functions of body support and locomotion necessitated an increase in the size of the skeleton of the lower extremities, a powerful development of the muscles of the lower extremities, and the appearance of the arches of the feet, with their cushioning function. There was also a significant change in the structure of the pelvis, which became larger and wider and which came to serve as the main support for walking erect. All the internal organs adapted to erect posture; the means for supplying blood from the lower extremities to the heart and from the heart to the brain became more complex. The diaphragm shifted from a vertical to a horizontal position, and the muscles of the abdominal prelum acquired a significantly greater role in respiration.
Man interacts with other people by means of gestures, mimicry, and articulated speech, which are made possible by a corresponding development of the muscles, the vocal apparatus, and the means for controlling them, including the speech centers of the cortex. Articulated speech, the main channel of interpersonal communication, is inaccessible to animals.
Man’s brain has surpassed the simian brain in both absolute and relative terms. A human brain weighs three times more than the brain of a gorilla, whose body weight is three times that of a man. Because of his remarkably well-organized nervous system, man has the prerequisites for unlimited intellectual and emotional progress.
Man is born with incompletely formed anatomical and physiological systems, but they are in the “human” mold. Thus, the parts of the skeleton and the muscles that are involved in walking erect are genetically preadapted even before a child’s birth. The skeleton of children who develop using all four extremities for support (children reared by animals, mental defectives), as well as the skeleton of children with paralyzed lower limbs, remains human. In such animals as monkeys and dogs, enforced two- legged locomotion is capable of altering only certain structural features of the skeleton. Similarly, the morphophysiological characteristics of the vocal apparatus and the prerequisites for the subsequent development of speech are also established before birth. These features are absent even in animals that are closely related to man. Advanced development of the new areas of the cortex, and especially of those areas that will become the most highly differentiated, is observed during the ontogenetic development of the human brain. Consequently, man’s social nature is manifested as soon as his hereditary information is implemented.V. V. KUPRIIANOVAll modern men belong to a single species, which is subdivided into several main races. The main traits of the species H. sapiens are characteristic of all races of man, without exception. All races are thus at an equally high level of biological development, contrary to the reactionary assertions of racists. With respect to the time of origin and the number of centers of racial genesis, several hypotheses have been put forward. According to some of them, there was a single fairly extensive geographic area in which modern man, and the races of modern man, developed. Polycentric hypotheses postulate from two to four or five such centers. During the Paleolithic and Mesolithic the density of the population was extremely low, less than one person per 3 sq km. In the Neolithic the density increased approximately tenfold. By the year 1000 the population of the earth was 275 million, by 1500 it had expanded to 450 million, and by 1600 it had grown to 500 million. In 1800 the earth was inhabited by about 1 billion people, and in 1977 by approximately 4 billion.
The early stages in the development of hominids were probably closely associated with tropical forest-steppe and steppe regions. Subsequently, man significantly extended his habitat, settling even in deserts, polar areas, and mountain regions, although the largest modern groups inhabit tropical forests and temperate regions with mixed forests. Thus, H. sapiens is panecumenical, that is, a widely distributed species. He includes numerous populations that, upon interbreeding, produce fertile offspring and that exhibit significant phenotypical variability.
The intraspecies polymorphism of man’s physique has been known since ancient times. Attempts to classify the various builds of the human body have resulted in the creation of constitutional schemes generally based on clearly delineated types. Since such schemes make it impossible to classify most people, increasing work has been done on the elaboration of quantitative methods that are based on a continuous distribution of constitutional components (muscles, bones, fat). Modern anthropology takes a comprehensive approach to the question of the human constitution, studying the correlation between morphological, physiological, biochemical, and psychological factors.
The quantitatively balanced polymorphism of man as a species reflects, to a certain extent, the adaptive radiation of human populations. Thus, for example, the proportion of the various types of physiques may vary significantly in different groups of mankind. A higher incidence of the “elongated type” is found among Arab desert dwellers, especially the bedouin of the Libyan Desert, or among the Nilotic peoples of Equatorial Africa. The “stocky build,” on the other hand, is typical of certain variants of the arctic race (Eskimo). It is believed that such physiques are better adapted to maintaining physiological functions in a hot (or cold) climate through thermoregulation. As a general principle, the “ecological gradient” (the ratio of body weight to surface area) increases among inhabitants of colder climates and decreases among equatorial groups. Consequently, groups from colder climatogeographical zones are heavier and have a relatively smaller skin area.
The most clearly discernible forms of physiological adaptation are also observed under extreme living conditions, found primarily in northern, equatorial, and alpine regions. There is, for example, a decrease in the basal metabolic rate from northern to equatorial regions; the opposite tendency is observed for blood immunoglobulins, whose quantity increases in equatorial groups. Among mountain populations there is an increase in hemoglobin content. The origin of these traits is quite complex, although some of them are apparently genetically determined. For example, an effective method for stabilizing cholesterol has evolved among the East African Masai, whose food is generally very fatty but who nevertheless have low levels of cholesterol and virtually never suffer from atherosclerosis. Yet another example is the presumed decrease in tissue sensitivity to the metabolic effects of the growth (somatotropic) hormone among the nanitic Pygmies of Africa. The phenotype has also been found to depend on a whole range of external factors, the foremost of which are socioeconomic (nutrition, illness).
A specific feature of the interrelationship between man and his environment is the fundamentally new form of adaptation that he has created, in the course of which man alters his environment, causing simultaneous changes in human social relationships. This process takes place without a restructuring of man’s morphofunctional organization. But man’s biological adaptation is also of a specific kind for it involves the preservation of both his biological and social functions and is affected by the increasingly important social factor. In contrast to animals, man preserves the morphofunctional characteristics of his species regardless of changes in his natural environment by means of sociohistorical labor activity. As a result of man’s long-term influence on his surroundings a new, “artificial” environment has been created which, in turn, exerts a significant influence over various aspects of his vital activity. This process has gained momentum under the conditions of the scientific and technological revolution, in connection with further industrialization, urbanization, and the creation of artificial ecosystems. Since the middle of the 20th century the question of man’s interrelationship with the environment has become a vital issue and has essentially been treated as the problem of man and the biosphere.
Sexual dimorphism and a uniform growth and biomorphosis are typical of all ethnoracial groups of H. sapiens. Sexual differences, manifested from the earliest stages of the postnatal period, are first expressed in the rate of development, inasmuch as indicators of biological growth show girls to be in the lead. Moreover, various harmful influences have a lesser effect on the growth processes of women than those of men, which is sometimes attributed to the “protective” action of the two X chromosomes in women. Sexual dimorphism is clearly manifested morphologically in overall bodily dimensions, proportions (relatively broader hips in women and wider shoulders in men), the development of “bodily components” (the better development of subcutaneous fat in women and of muscles and bones in men), microstructural features (muscle fiber diameter, dimensions and total number of fat cells), and certain histochemical characteristics. At all ages, there is a larger percentage of athletic types among men and of pyknic types among women. Studies also show that the athletic type in men and the pyknic type in women are characterized by relatively high levels of secretion of the sex hormones, androgens in males and estrogens in females. Finally, sexual differences also affect many physiological and biochemical traits. Thus, for example, body temperature, arterial pressure, pulse rate, red and white blood cell indexes, basal metabolism, and other factors exhibit a marked periodicity in women (in contrast to men) associated with the reproductive cycle.
A specific characteristic of man’s individual development is his relatively long childhood with a comparatively slow rate of growth, followed by a leap in the growth rate in connection with sexual maturation. Chimpanzees and certain other apes exhibit a similar type of growth process, but with them the interval between rearing and sexual maturity is shorter. For this reason, these principles of growth may be viewed as being characteristic of a certain stage in the evolution of the primates, particularly of the hominids, in whose emergence the longer period of instruction of young individuals played an important role. This type of growth is characteristic of modern man, although there may be certain variations in the rates of development of groups and particularly of individuals.
Individual variations in the rate of development are apparent in any group of growing individuals, where there is always morphophysiological differentiation at a particular chronological age that determines, in the final analysis, the “biological age” of an individual. Criteria used to establish biological age include various morphological, physiological, and biochemical tests, including those showing the development of the skeleton (skeletal age) and dental system (dental age), sexual development, and hormonal status. Biological age is also determined on the basis of certain indexes of higher nervous activity that depend mainly on age, as well as indexes of the cardiovascular and muscular systems. All of these indexes can change either more or less synchronously or asynchronously, and they can reveal a tendency toward acceleration or retardation of development. The indexes of skeletal, sexual, and general somatic development, which are particularly closely interrelated, are most often used as criteria of biological age. The various indexes are of different diagnostic value, however, depending on age.
Rates of development, and consequently biological age, are influenced by many factors. Studies of twins have shown the importance of hereditary factors in determining the skeletal and dental ages, the quantity of sex hormones secreted, and the age at which menstruation begins. A very important role is also played by the socioeconomic factor; environmental factors (climatic, geochemical) have a lesser effect on biological age.
The “secular trend,” which has been observed in many countries, especially during the last century, and which is manifested primarily as an acceleration of the developmental processes, an increase in physical dimensions, and some redistribution of physique types, is evidently just a variational phase within the limits of the H. sapiens species complex. Similar secular, or even epochal, changes may also have occurred much earlier. Indeed, anthropologists have determined that body length and the shape of the face and head have been changing since the Neolithic and even earlier. The dynamics of these phenomena has been thoroughly investigated by Soviet scientists. The processes of brachycephalization (an increase in the relative breadth of the head, expressed in cephalic indexes) and debrachycephalization (the opposite tendency) have been especially well studied. The Japanese researchers S. Morita and F. Otsuki (1973) point out, for example, that just over the past 50 years the cephalic index of Japanese men has increased by 3.3 as a result of a widening of the head. Studies by the Soviet anthropologist V. V. Bunak (1968) show that the average height of young Russian men increased by 3 cm in 40 years. Epochal variations have also been noted in indexes of sexual maturity, and they are possible for many other characteristics as well. All of these changes have been random, and the rate of change has varied with location and the period of human development.
The main reasons for these microevolutionary phenomena within the H. sapiens species are evidently of a genetic nature, associated chiefly with the interbreeding of the planet’s populations, changes in gene frequencies, and alterations in dominance, although the manifestation of such phenomena also depends on a series of other factors, including socioeconomic ones. Nevertheless, the freeing of Neoanthropinae from the species-forming type of natural selection, the stabilizing form that natural selection takes in modern society, and the development of panmixia, which conteracts the natural mutational process, make it impossible to predict at this time any important changes in the H. sapiens species complex that emerged in the Upper Paleolithic.

REFERENCES

Williams, R. Biokhimicheskaia individual’nost’. Moscow, 1960. (Translated from English.)
Iskopaemye gominidy i proiskhozhdenie cheloveka. Moscow, 1966.
Barnett, S. A. Rod chelovecheskii. Moscow, 1968. (Translated from English.)
Biologiia cheloveka. Moscow, 1968. (Translated from English.)
Adaptatsiia cheloveka. Leningrad, 1972.
Antropologiia 70-khgodov. Moscow, 1972.
Osnovnye zakonomernosti rosta i razvitiia detei i kriterii periodizatsii. Odessa, 1975.
Vozniknovenie chelovecheskogo obshchestva: Paleolit Afriki. Leningrad, 1977.
“A New Hominid From East Rudolf, Kenya.” American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 1975, vol. 42, no. 3.
Die Evolution der Organismen: Ergebnisse und Probleme der Abstammungslehre, vol. 3: Phylogenie der Hominiden. Edited by G. Heberer. Stuttgart, 1974.

E. N. KHRISANFOVA

man

[man] (anthropology) Homo sapiens. A member of the human race. An adult human male.

MAN.

On drawings, abbr. for “manual.”

Man

o’ War (“Big Red”) famous racehorse foaled at Belmont Stables. [Am. Hist.: Payton, 421]See: Horse

man

1. a. a member of any of the living races of Homo sapiens, characterized by erect bipedal posture, a highly developed brain, and powers of articulate speech, abstract reasoning, and imagination b. any extinct member of the species Homo sapiens, such as Cro-Magnon man 2. a member of any of the extinct species of the genus Homo, such as Java man, Heidelberg man, and Solo man 3. Games a movable piece in various games, such as draughts 4. History a vassal of a feudal lord

Man

Isle of. an island in the British Isles, in the Irish Sea between Cumbria and Northern Ireland: a UK Crown Dependency (but not part of the United Kingdom), with its own ancient parliament, the Court of Tynwald; a dependency of Norway until 1266, when for a time it came under Scottish rule; its own language, Manx, became extinct in the 19th century but has been revived to some extent. Capital: Douglas. Pop.: 75 000 (2003 est.). Area: 588 sq. km (227 sq. miles)

MAN

(1)Metropolitan Area Network

man

(2)Unix manual page

MAN

(Metropolitan Area Network) A communications network that covers a geographic area such as a town, city or suburb. See Metro Ethernet, LAN and WAN.

Man

(dreams)All different kinds of people clutter our dream landscape. The men in your dream may include family members or total strangers. You may dream about your father, son, husband, or friend and should interpret the dream according to its details. A man, particularly the father figure, may represent collective consciousness and the traditional human spirit. He is the yang, and his energy, when mobilized, creates the earthly realities. Depending on the details of the dream, the masculine figure could be interpreted as the Creator or Destroyer. At times, women dream about men who are strangers to them. These men may represent the women’s unconscious psychic energy. Carl Jung called the stranger in a woman’s dream the “animus.” He represents autonomous, unconscious energy and he plays a vital role in obtaining a deeper understanding of self. At times, a strange and ominous man in men’s dreams could represent their “shadow” or their negativity and darker sides of personality.

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Synonyms for man

noun male

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noun human

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noun mankind

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noun partner

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noun worker

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verb staff

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phrase man to man

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phrase to a man

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Synonyms for man

noun a member of the human race

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noun the human race

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noun a member of a law-enforcement agency

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Synonyms for man

noun an adult person who is male (as opposed to a woman)

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noun someone who serves in the armed forces

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noun the generic use of the word to refer to any human being

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noun any living or extinct member of the family Hominidae characterized by superior intelligence, articulate speech, and erect carriage

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