manic-depressive psychosis
| Noun | 1. |  manic-depressive psychosis - a mental disorder characterized by episodes of mania and depression |
| 单词 | manic-depressive psychosis | |||
| 释义 | manic-depressive psychosis
Manic-Depressive PsychosisManic-Depressive Psychosis(also circular psychosis or cyclophrenia), a mental disease manifested by periodic disturbances of mood. The term “cyclothymia” is used in moderate cases. Typically, manic-depressive psychosis proceeds in alternating phases—the manic, during which the patient experiences elation, and the depressive. Attacks usually alternate with intervals of complete health. The classic course of the disease is observed relatively rarely; more often, only one of the two phases is manifested. In the manic phase patients are mobile, restless, and agitated. The facial expression is animated, and speech is accelerated. The timbre of the voice is often inappropriate to the circumstances. Patients are overactive and sleep little, without experiencing fatigue. They crave activity and plot innumerable schemes, which they try to carry out immediately but always fail to complete, being distracted and tending to underestimate real difficulties. In pronounced manic states the patient is uninhibited, living extravagantly and easily becoming sexually aroused. As a result of the extreme distractibility and agitation, thought becomes undirected and judgments become superficial. However, patients may also manifest subtle powers of observation. The patient is highly critical in relation to his own capabilities and achievements at work and in his daily life. As the agitation decreases and the moods level out, the patient’s judgments become more realistic. The depressive state is characterized by excessive melancholy combined with motor inhibition and retarded thinking. Diminished mobility may, in severe cases, develop into torpor—the complete lack of response to normal stimuli. More often the inhibition is partial or less sharply pronounced, and the patient engages in repetitive actions. Manic-depressives in the depressive phase often experience guilt and a lack of faith in their own abilities, considering themselves worthless and capable only of bringing unhappiness to those people that are close to them. Such thinking is evidence of suicidal inclinations, and therefore the companions of the patient must be especially alert. In cases of deep depression, patients feel that their mind is a void, and their thinking becomes labored and constrained. Responses to even the most elementary questions are elicited only after much delay. Sleep is disturbed, and there is a loss of appetite. Manic-depressive psychosis most often begins between the ages of 15 and 30, although it may not appear until age 40 or later. The duration of the attacks varies from several days to several months. In severe forms, attacks may last as long as a year. On the average, the depressive episodes are longer than the manic ones, especially in old age. Heredity is undoubtedly a pathogenic factor. Treatment of aggravated states of the disease is conducted on an inpatient basis. Psycholeptic drugs (tranquilizers) and psychoanaleptic drugs (stimulants and antidepressants) are prescribed. Lithium carbonate gives some relief from the manic phase and helps prevent the depressive phase. REFERENCESLukomskii, I. I. Maniakal’no-depressivnyi psikhoz, 2nd ed. Moscow, 1968.Kraines, S. H. Mental Depressions and Their Treatment. New York, 1957. I. I. LUKOMSKII manic-depressive psychosisbi·po·lar dis·or·derSee also: manic episode, cyclothymia. bipolar disorderA mental condition characterised by episodic mania (euphoria) alternating with bouts of depression, which affects 1% of the general population. Bipolar disorder (BD) is the term used by the American Psychiatric Association, and is an umbrella term that encompasses a variety of clinical subtypes. The synonym manic-depressive disorder is still popular.Epidemiology BD first appears by age 30; half of patients have 2–3 episodes during life, each from 4–13 months in duration. Clinical findings Mood swings in BD may be dramatic and rapid, but more often are gradual; manic episodes are characterised by disordered thought, judgment and social behaviour; unwise business or financial decisions may be made when an individual is in a manic phase. Management Lithium prevents or attenuates manic and depressive episodes, maintained at 0.8–1.0 mmol/L; if the manic episode is unresponsive, electroconvulsive therapy may be effective. Bipolar disorder, DSM-IV subtypes Bipolar I disorder—characterised by an occurrence of one or more manic episodes or mixed episodes, and one or more major depressive episodes, and an absence of episodes better accounted for by schizoaffective, delusional or psychotic disorders. Bipolar II disorder—recurrent major depressive episodes with hypomanic episodes, characterised by one or more major depressive episodes, one or more hypomanic episodes, and an absence of manic or mixed episodes or other episodes better accounted for by schizoaffective, delusional or psychotic disorders. Bipolar II patients suffer from greater psychomotor agitation, guilt, shame and suicidal ideation, attempts and success. Demographics 0.5% prevalence in the general population; a familial tendency; more common in women. Mortality 10–15% die from suicide Cyclothymia—a mild form of bipolar II disorder, consisting of recurrent mood disturbances between hypomania and dysthymic mood. A single episode of hypomania is sufficient to diagnose cyclothymia, but most people with it also have dysthymic periods. The diagnosis of cyclothymic disorder is not made if there is a history of mania or major depressive episode or mixed episode. Bipolar disorder, NOS (Sub-threshold bipolar disorder)—bipolar disorder, NOS, is a waste-paper basket category used to indicate bipolar illness that does not fit into any of the above three formal DSM-IV bipolar diagnostic categories. The patient is so labeled if he or she manifests part of the bipolar spectrum symptoms (e.g. some manic and depressive symptoms) but does not meet the criteria for one of the above subtypes. bi·po·lar dis·or·der(bī-pō'lăr dis-ōr'dĕr)Synonym(s): manic-depressive psychosis. bi·po·lar dis·or·der(bī-pō'lăr dis-ōr'dĕr)manic-depressive psychosis
Synonyms for manic-depressive psychosis
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